Limiting the Extent of Party Discipline in Canada Essay

Party solidarity and cohesion have always been an integral part of the Westminster Parliamentry system. The leaders of the political parties of the Canadian House of Commons , with the assistance of ‘whips’, very strongly discipline their party members to vote on issues as a single entity, especially in plenary sessions (Olson, 2003). Although, some degree of party discipline is essential for any political party to maintain their power as they require the confidence of the majority of the legislative branch of the government, this practice does not really reflect a democracy. This paper argues that implememnting a large extent of party discipline undermines the spirit of democracy as the politicians become more concerned with appeasing their party leaders for their personal benefits, instead of truly representing the desires and demands of the citizens of their respective constituencies. As mentioned previously, it is argued that strict party discipline is necessary to ensure that the current governnig party maintains its power since a vote of non confidence in the House of Commons can ultimately lead to federal re-election, or re-appointment of the prime minister. However, as Kilgour et al. rgue in Crosscurrents: Contemporaty Political Issues (2013: 205), enforcing strict cohesion strategies to ensure party unity leads to members of Parliament to become extreamly passive as they no longer think for themselves, but merely conform to the demands of their party leaders. Their opinions and thoughts are constrsained by a fear of a loss of majority in the House Of Commons. It is very crucial for any political party to value and respect the opinions of its members to assess a situation more closely and obtain diverse opinions. However, strong party discipline stifles the values and opinions of individual members of party. Consequently, this diversity of imagination is replaced by a single unit of party that reflects a single, rigid opinion on most issues. This devalues the sense of liberty and freedom that is cherished by democracy. Often times, it is observed that the members of a party vote in a similar fashion, not just to ensure a majority confidence motion, but also to derive personal gains. If a member of parliament wishes to advance their political career and gain quicker promotions, he or she muct act according to the command of their party leaders (Kam, 2006). Expression of dissent from the MPs can have dire consequences for their career. They can be warned about the lack of financial support, or even be ultimately expelled from the party caucus. Kam (2006) also suggested that the promotion of ministers is greatly manipulated by the prime minister to ensure maximum conformation to the party’s position. Sometimes, certain ministers of parliament are deliberately brought into the cabinet as it is too dangerous to leave them as a backbencher (a member of House of Commons) where they can openly challenge and vote against the position of the leader of the political party. This suggests that the deliberate promotion, or demotion, ministers of parliament is not due to their, merits or demerits, but is rather strategically devised to overall benefit the party. In addition, the vote of the members of the House of Commons not only does not represent the opinions of individual ministers, but also it not a representation of a member’s unyielding and unconditional loyalty to his or her party. Rather, it is a conscious decision to vote according to the wishes of the party leader to maintain the imge of conformity and ensure personal gains and benefits for the members of parliament, which would reward in the form of more opportunities to ascend the political ladder and make personal and professional gains that do not particularly benefit the citizens of the consituency that elected the member of parliament. It is unquestionable that voting in the Canadian House of Common is extremely disciplined and very highly regulated by emloying various methods. The study of the patterns of recorded votes shows that majority of votes show almost no dissent from the party members. Also, rejection of major government motions due to dissent of the members of the House of Commons is extremely rare (Malloy, 2003). Canada operates on a system of majoritarian parliamentary government. Cohesion of political parties is very essential to maintain a majority rule by ensuring that vote of non confidence is not ever issued (Kam, 2001). Due to this constant threat of the possibility of loss of majority and formation of a coalition, political parties are very strongly disciplined by their leaders. A coalition governmet is not necessarily always detremental. It can help to foster more cooperation in different political parties and compel the members of a party to consider the opinions and views that are different from the ideology shared by their party. It also provides an opportunity for a greater debate and consideration before arriving at a common decision. Maintaining strong party discipline just to eliminate the possibility of the formation of a coalitions limits the possibilities for political experimentation and possible positive growth. The change is not just welcomed, but also deliberately resisted using the traditional practice of oppressive party discipline. The members of parliament are elected by, and are required to respresent the citizens of their respective constituencies. The common vision shared by their party and party leader may or may not reflect the wishes of the citizens. The first and foremost duty of an MP is to cater to the needs and the demands of the citizens who democratically elected him or her. The loyalty to one’s party should be a secondary priority. However, as observed, most times, this is not the case. This severely debilitates the sole purpose of a democratic government which demands the citizens’ voice and opinions to be heard above all others. Although some degree of party discipline may be required to control and maintain cohesion within the House of Commons to propose policies and arrive at a firm decision, it does not really encompass democratic ideas. Party discipline compells the members of a party to not pay heed to the needs of the citizens, but to blindly follow the demands made by their party leaders. This practice is also morally questionable as the political success of ministers of parliament is largely based on their loyalty to the party’s alues, even if they contradict his/ her personal opinions. Instead of being constantly threatened by the possiblity of losing the confidence of the majority of the House of Commons, fundamental changes need to be made to change the Westmister Parliamentry structure to alter, if not eliminate, this system that makes it almost mandatory for the parties to implement rigid party discipline. Limiting the extent of the party discipline would help to make the Canadian government more democratic by accomodating more diverse ideas and opinions.

Capital Budgeting Essay

Introduction The purpose of this paper is to analyze and interpret the answers of the Capital Budgeting Case. I will discuss my recommendation about which Corporation and investor should acquire based on the quantitative reasoning. I also will describe the relationship between the net present value and the internal rate of return for the two corporations that are analyzed. Capital Budgeting Case A company is planning in acquiring a new corporation and there are two options with the same cost of $250,000 but both with different 5-year projections of cash flows. The evaluation done to the two corporations (A and B) is based on the Net Present Value (NPV) and the Internal Rate of Return (IRR). The net present value represents the value the project or investment adds to the investor wealth. The NPV method of capital budgeting suggests that all projects that have positive NPV should be accepted because they would add value to the investment. On the other hand, the internal rate of return is defined as the discount rate that equates the present value of a project’s cash inflows to its outflows. According to the internal rate of return method of capital budgeting, the investment should be accepted if their IRR is greater than the cost of capital. The results for Corporation â€Å"A† shows a NPV of $20,979.20 based on discount rate of 10%. And, we got an IRR of 13.05% which means that is the discount rate that makes the NPV equal or close to $0.00. On the other hand, the Corporation â€Å"B† with a discount rate of 11% got a NPV of $40,251.47 and an IRR of 16.94%. A positive NPV is considered a good project, and we want to choose the one with the highest NPV. Therefore, I would recommend acquiring the Company â€Å"B† because it has a higher NPV than the other company. Corporation B will be giving us a current value cash return of $40,251.47 above our 11% required rate of return during the next 5 years. And, if we recalculate the NPV using the IRR of 16.94% it will result on an NPV close to $0.00. The relationship between NPV and IRR is based on the discount rate used to bring up the cash flows to the present. For the case of Company â€Å"B†, with the discount rate of 11%, if we have a NPV of $0.00, our IRR will also be 11%. But, if our NPV is higher than $0.00, our IRR will be also higher than 11%. And, if we have a negative NPV, then our IRR will be less than 11%. In other words, the NPV and the IRR most of the time yield the same result of acceptance or rejection. Conclusion In conclusion, the best recommendation is to acquire Company B because it will give us higher current values during the first 5 years and higher returns of the investment.

Car ignition system Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Car ignition system - Assignment Example The coil consists of an iron core that is laminated, surrounded by two copper coils. The iron core does not create a closed loop on the windings, forming a magnetic circuit that is open, unlike in the case of transformers. The energy stored in the core magnetic field is then transferred to the spark plug. The primary core winding turns are of heavy wire and are relatively few. The secondary core winding are of smaller wire and consists of several thousands of turns. The wires are insulated by enamel and oiled paper since they carry very high voltages. The coil is normally inserted in a plastic case or a metal can with insulated terminals. Two types of coils are used in Volkswagens; the Black coil and the blue coil (Vidler & Knowles, 2003). The table below shows the comparison of the two types of coils. High tension lead wires are used to connect an ignition coil, a distributor and magneto to the spark plugs. Each of the leads contain a single wire since the current does not come back through the same path, but through the grounded engine connected to the negative terminal of the battery. A spark plug lead should have a resistance range of between 14 to 16Kohm/meter (Bolton, 2005). When the ignition switch is closed, current from the battery builds up inside the primary winding of the coil. However, the inductance of the coil prevents instant flow of current. The flow of current inside the coil produces a magnetic field around the core. Current must be allowed to flow long enough in order to store sufficient energy for the spark. Once sufficient energy is built, the contact breaker is opened, and since it is connected to a capacitor, the capacitor and the primary winding form a tuned circuit. The oscillation of the stored energy between the capacitor and the inductor of the coil initiates changing of magnetic field in the core of the coiling

A Critical Examination of the Documentary Hypothesis Essay

A Critical Examination of the Documentary Hypothesis - Essay Example This latter view forms the core of the Documentation Hypothesis.The Documentation Hypothesis proposes that the Pentateuch is a composite work consisting of four literary strands. The four strands have been assigned the letters J, E, D, and P; each representing a different document or source that was woven into the fabric of the Bible. This set of assumptions is also known as the Graf-Wellhausen theory. According to this view, the letter "J" stands for the Yahwist ("J" from the German Jahweh) Narrative, coming from the period of the early Jewish monarchy, about 950 B.C. "E" stands for the Elohist Narrative from the region of the Northern Kingdom dating from about 750 B.C. "D" is best represented by the book of Deuteronomy and is said to have originated in the Southern Kingdom about 650 B.C. or later. And finally, "P" is the Priestly Document that comes from the period after the fall of Israel in 587 B.C. According to the theory, the Pentateuch reached its current form around the time of Ezra or about 400 B.C. (Closson)The conservative view holds to Mosaic authorship and treats the books as a literary unit. This does not mean that Moses did not use other documents to write the books. ... This established the first principle of what is now known as the Documentary Hypothesis, the assumption that different divine names must mean different authors or sources. In 1780 Johann Eichhorn applied the idea of two sources to the rest of Genesis, Exodus, and finally to most of the Pentateuch. He gave up on the belief of Mosaic authorship as well. (Closson) In 1805, Wilhem De Wette argued that none of the Pentateuch was written before David. He established the "D" document standing for Deuteronomy, which he believed was written as propaganda to support political and religious unification in Jerusalem during the reign of King Josiah around 621 B.C. The "P" or Priestly Document of the current theory was added by Hermann Hupfeld in 1853. He believed that the E source should be split in two, the later becoming the new P document. The name most associated with the documentary hypothesis is Julius Wellhausen. His publications in the late 1870's argued from a Darwinistic perspective. (Closson) Counter Arguments Against Documentation Hypothesis The following are the defenses against the Documentation Hypothesis. In essence, according to Archer (105-110), the Documentary Hypothesis banished Moses into the illiterate mists of oral tradition. Archer pointed out that in the Hypothesis, the text of the Torah or Pentateuch is used as evidence but consistently evaded whenever it happens to contradict the Hypothesis itself. Further, sarcastically, according to Archer, the documentarians likewise assume that Hebrew authors differ from any other writers known in the history of literature in that they alone were incapable of using more than one name for God; more than one style of writing, no matter what the difference in subject matter is;

Violence again women in peace time Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Violence again women in peace time - Assignment Example 81). In societies with high violence levels against females, several women pregnant with a girl perceive that it would be better if the child were not born. Several eminent scholars, like Barberet and Cain, have stressed that women are regarded as individuals who have to be coerced, disciplined and given away (Barberet, 2014, p. 96). There is a failure of law and justice, in responding to violence against women and girls. Religious and other cultural attitudes have a patriarchal predominance, which subjugates women (Barberet, 2014, p. 97). Consequently, for protecting a girl child, it is inevitable to study the issues of violence against her mother and the extant related protections. This is because the girl starts her life as a baby in her mother’s womb, and if the mother’s rights are not strictly safeguarded, it would be impossible to safeguard the rights of the child at birth or during her

Probable strategies or measures to be implemented by the authorities Essay

Probable strategies or measures to be implemented by the authorities for Counterterrorism acts - Essay Example It is so much obvious that the organizational head-quarters are of these terrorist organizations are situated in Pakistan and the terrorists use a favorable gateway into India through Bangladesh but international fraternity hardly ever grant a cross border action plan to counter cross border terrorism. On the western part of the globe in the United States and in the United Kingdoms the story of Islamic terrorism is no different. Over here, it is not a problem of cross border terrorism because in these cases of the two countries, sadly enough, the Islamic terrorists are part of their own demography and most of the acts of cross border terrorisms are committed via information channeling. Thus it is more important for countries like United States and United Kingdoms to formulate a substantial strategy to counter terrorism in the most effective manner possible. It should be remembered that the disaster of 9/11 took place when the terrorists took advantage of the American social way of life where the number of domestic frequent fliers are high enough to suffer a low security system. The same is true about London underground rail blast. In both the cases the terrorists took advantage of the counties' way of social life and it would be impossible to alter this way of life putting security as an alibi where the menace is basically organized by a fundamentalist motive. No country should rupture ever under such motives. Prelude to the probable action plans In view of the documents found in the apartment of a suspected Al Qaeda member Anas al-Liby, in Manchester, England, May 2000 it could be stated that the systematic formulation of the general action plans of terrorist activities mentioned in the document indicates a well organized sect being involved in this procedure of destructions. It should be noted that few chapters like the Eighteenth Lesson: Prisons and Detention Centers are truly gruesome and people who are able to execute or simply thing of such proceedings should be stopped at all cost. As it is obvious that the training manual not only indicates activities centering US and UK only but also is applicable to other countries as well, like India, who oppose Islamic fundamentalist's concept of Islamic rule around the world. Therefore it is extremely essential to bifurcate the strategy into two sections viz. Domestic strategies and international strategies. Domestic Strategies: In accordance to the training manual the Military Organization dictates a number of requirements to assist it in confrontation and endurance. These are: 1. Forged documents and counterfeit currency 2. Apartments and hiding places 3. Communication means 4. Transportation means 5. Information 6. Arms and ammunition 7. Transport Under the perception of these operations it would possible to underline strategies based on each of the mentioned point. Forged documents and counterfeit currency: First of all, there is the problem of forged documents and counterfeit currency. To negotiate these and to control probable and further infiltrations the authorities must make it

Corporate Communications Strategies Research Paper - 1

Corporate Communications Strategies - Research Paper Example c as well as important definitions of key terms in the paper such as corporate communication, corporate reputation, corporate ability (CAb), and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). This section of the paper will analyze and discuss three corporate communication strategies that are focused on the goals that organizations aim to meet and which are based on Kim and Rader (2010) and Kim (2011) works. 2.12 Corporate social responsibility focused strategy – this section analyses the CSR strategy in corporate communications focusing on how it emphasizes organizational goals as well as comparing with CAb strategy to evaluate which is more dominant and effective. Organizations have multiple stakeholders with whom their relationships need to be effectively managed with corporate communication being both responsive and effective to these stakeholders. Various communication functions and channels fulfill specific organizational objectives which aim to attain overall strategic impact to an organization’s goals. This section evaluates these communication functions, the various objectives that they seek to meet, the channels of communication used to dispense communication as well as those targeted by such communication. 2.21 Media Relations –this section evaluates the media relations communication function, the objectives of media relation in an organization, the channels used to complete the communication function as well as the organizational stakeholders targeted. 2.22 Employee communications – this section evaluates the employee communications function, the objectives of employee communication in an organization, the channels used to complete the communication function as well as the organizational stakeholders targeted. 2.23 Marketing Communications - this section evaluates the marketing communications function, the objectives of marketing communication in an organization, the channels used to complete the communication function as well as the organizational

Extensive reading approach and contrast this with direct or component Assignment

Extensive reading approach and contrast this with direct or component skills - Assignment Example Uncommonly, there is an approach that avoids the use of recommended reading materials and guided reading activities, yet has the same aim of promoting advanced reading skills of students. This approach is referred to as the extensive reading approach. What is extensive reading? The term extensive reading is credited to Harold Palmer (1917: 137) who proposed that learners should read one book after another. The idea of reading a great number of reading materials over time to improve reading proficiency is based on the belief that language acquisition, especially vocabulary development, occurs through reading (Nagy & Herman 1987: 20). Supporters of extensive reading believe that the more reading experiences language learners have, the more adept they will be in the target language. In particular, Grabe and Stoller (2002: 90) believe that although extensive reading alone cannot guarantee language proficiency, the latter cannot occur without extensive reading. The extensive reading appro ach offers some advantages that other approaches do not have. Making students form the habit of reading could lead to promoting the love for reading, making the reader as the focus of instruction, empowering comprehension, and improving linguistic and communicative ability. (References for this are quite impossible to obtain, thus I used â€Å"could lead to† to imply possibility, thus lessening the claim). Promoting the love for reading Promoting the love for reading is one essence of the extensive reading approach. Dublin, Eskey and Grabe (1986: 228) noted that people learn to read and improve in reading by means of reading itself. In extensive reading classes, students are motivated to read to build the habit and enjoyment in reading. As Grabe and Stoller (2001) claims, ‘one does not become a good reader unless one reads a lot’ (198). As such, the extensive reading approach differs a lot in structure and materials from intensive reading approaches. The teacher in the extensive reading class allows students to read the materials they prefer, thus cultivating in them the interest to read about those things they find interesting. Students have the option to read fiction or non-fiction books, or basically anything they find interesting among a variety of materials available. This way, students are not forced to understand topics or concepts that they find vague at the very beginning. Ideally, the love for reading may be developed if teachers allow students to read according to their interest, pace and level (Collie & Slater 1987: 6). In other approaches, students are asked to read a uniform text, thus they are forced to understand knowledge and concepts even though such are not applicable to them. For instance, a Muslim kid may deal with a text discussing the beatification of Pope Paul II when reading about current events. Such a practice, although may enhance the knowledge of a student about the world, could interfere with a student’s culture and affect his/her interest during a particular reading class. This implies that teachers using other approaches should be careful in choosing materials for their students. Nunan (1989: 60) posits that the reading materials should have some cultural or personal relevance to the readers.

Resume Essay Example for Free

Resume Essay If it has been more than three months since you attended an educational institution, please describe what you have been doing in the interval? As described in my resume, after receiving my Masters Degree at Columbia University, I have been working on various research projects. Immediately after graduation, I had great pleasure to work with Pr.  Doran Warren as Research assistant, researching urban conflicts around Wal-mart. This opportunity has given me an excellent chance to apply my analytical and quantitative skills in professional setting. Further, this research opportunity has become a solid ground for my own research efforts and interests that has resulted in developing and working on my first professional academic essay. During my time off since graduation I have also been provided with opportunity to work as a legal aid assistant for common ground in New Orleans helping families who have lost their homes and can’t afford to handle paper work and to pay lawyers who are needed to navigate the bureaucracy of property rights issues. Also I have been involved in my own community of Bronx New York, where I have worked as a Volunteer and Organizer educating my community about the upcoming presidential elections (the details of my duties are described in my resume).

Cypop 5 Essay Example for Free

Cypop 5 Essay It helps children to deal with difficult circumstances such as emotional stress or medical treatments. Play gives children chance to let off steam and have fun. Children learn when they are in a safe and caring environment. They are stimulated through play. Babies and young children develop best when they are in a caring relationship with an adult. A baby will learn to walk faster when they have a safe pair of arms to walk towards and learn to talk when they have an adult who listens to them and responds accordingly. I aim to provide children with an environment that is caring, fun and stimulating. I aim to expand each childs individual, intellectual, physical and emotional capacities within a secure environment where each child, will be confident and settled. I will implement ideas from the EYFS and I will provide activities/opportunities that support the six main learning areas which are : * Knowledge Understanding Of the World * Personal social and emotional development * Communication language and literacy * Creative Development * Physical Development * Problem solving, Reasoning and Numeracy. Each child will be able to choose their own activities and access continuous provision throughout these six areas. Activities will be both planned and spontaneous according to your child’s preference. My weekly plan will be dependent on the children in my care and their ages and stages of development although I will be attending various groups and clubs within the local area that I live. Sample weekly plan: Morning afternoon Monday outdoor playchildren’s centre childminders group Tuesday -soft indoor play (wacky)creative play/ arts and crafts Wednesday-country park/ play areachildren’s centre playgroup Thursday baking/cookingoutdoor play Friday children’s centre groupindoor play at home Play can be constructed to fulfil areas of the EYFS, especially any areas where a child may be struggling, such as Playing with sand Texture, Weight, Pouring through containers, colours, measuring, shapes, make sand castles etc this can link to the following areas of the EYFS– personal development – personal, social and emotional development creative development – communication language and literacy All of the above would be flexible dependant on the children and any new sessions that can be accessed. Before any weekly plan can be made you would need to observe the children in your care to produce a plan that is appropriate to their development this will also help identify when to add/remove new toys/resources. I will use Natural resources and household items to provide stimulating play for the children to look after such as Sawdust and Bark for dinosaur play, jugs, funnels, guttering for water play, blankets pillows and throws and pegs for den building and communication friendly spaces etc. All children are individuals first, each with a unique profile of abilities. All planning starts with observing children in order to understand and consider their interests, development and learning. I will make systematic observations and assessments of each child’s achievements ,interests and learning styles. I will use these observations and assessments to identify learning priorities and plan relevant and motivating learning experiences for each child that I care for. I will match their observations to the expectations of the development matters principles. I will need to make regular observations on each child, using different techniques. These may include photographs, tick lists written observations and photographs. Where a child is not achieving their development goals I may then decide to speak to the parents regarding accessing other services for the child. All children need to feel valued and given the same options. I will ensure that children, parents/carers and visitors have equal rights and choices. Everyone will be given the respect that we all deserve as individuals. No person will be discriminated against and any remarks or comments of this kind will be challenged and discussed to ensure that it does not happen again. I welcome and include all children, their families and members of the community into my setting and I will ensure my setting is accessible to everyone. If a child in my care had specific requirements, certain changes would be made to the interior and exterior of my premises, dependent on the individuals circumstances. Certain activities are also adapted. All the children who come to my setting will have the same opportunities available to them. I am aware of the following legislation, The Children’s Act, The disability Act, UN convention on the Right of the Child, The children’s Bill 2004 and the Special Educational Needs Discrimination Act 2001. I will talk to different specialist groups, health visitors and read appropriate books to learn more about the condition and needs of the child, thus enabling me to provide the best possible care. If a child required assistance from a speech therapist or occupational therapist, then this could be arranged at my setting if it was more convenient for parents. I will do displays and have equipment in my setting that promotes a positive multi cultural attitude. I welcome parents/carers and visitors to talk about cultures, religions, food, clothes etc. I will never refuse or exclude a child. I will build on each child’s previous experience when accessing play opportunities. I will enable children to gain confidence and independence in play and identify individual requirements and provide appropriate support as/when required. I will also borrow and gain resources to enhance the inclusion of children with mobility or sensory difficulties. During snack time I will encourage children to help where appropriate eg. Older children could help butter crackers, or younger children could help divide fruit onto plates, I will encourage the children to help prepare our shopping list for the week for snacks and mealtimes and also encourage them to help with the meal plan for the week. During our week I will plan our activites a sample week could include : Monday : AM – Childrens centre drop in PM – Park weather dependant Tuesday AM – Wacky Warehouse PM – play at home LEGO, PUZZLES and nap time Wednesday AM –

Transactional Leadership and Transformational Leadership

Transactional Leadership and Transformational Leadership Compare and contrast between Transactional Leadership and Transformational Leadership. What are the significant differences between the two leadership models? Give relevant examples. 1.0 What is Leadership? Leadership has been described as the process of social influence in which one person can enlist or procure the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task. It is the way of organizing a group of people for the purpose of achieving a common goal. A leader is the person to who is capable of guiding, inspiring and associating others with the dream goal. In addition, there are various types of leadership models which include transactional leadership, transformational leadership, and charismatic leadership and so on. In this contest, transactional leadership and transformational leadership will be compared and contrasted. 2.0 Description Transactional Leadership Transactional leadership is a term used to classify a formally known group leadership theories that inquire the interactions between leaders and followers. A transactional leader focuses more on a series of transactions. This person is interested in looking out for oneself, having exchange benefits with their subordinates and clarifies a sense of duty with rewards and punishments to reach goals. The transactional leadership style developed by Bass is based on the hypothesis that followers are motivated through a system of rewards and punishment. The transactional leaders view of the leader / follower relationship is one of quid pro quo or this for that. If the follower does something good, then they will be rewarded. If the follower does something wrong, then they will be punished. Transformational Leadership Transformational leadership is defined as a leadership approach that causes change in individuals and social systems. In its ideal form, it creates valuable and positive change in the followers with the end goal of developing followers into leaders. Enacted in its authentic form, transformational leadership enhances the motivation, morale and performance of his followers through a variety of mechanisms. These include connecting the followers sense of identity and self to the mission and the collective identity of the organization; being a role model for followers that inspires them; challenging followers to take greater ownership for their work, and understanding the strengths and weaknesses of followers, so the leader can align followers with tasks that optimize their performance. The theory behind transformational leaders, on the other hand is based, on the hypothesis that leaders can exploit a need of the follower. These particular needs are not based on quid pro quo transactions, but higher order needs. These needs are those of the total person, and are closely aligned with the internal motivational factors of the follower. So at one end of the spectrum we have transactional leaders that are making many deals with those being led. On the other end of the spectrum, we have transformational leaders, which are looking to satisfy a greater need of an individual. 3.0 Mission Transactional Leader: approaches followers with an eye to exchanging one thing for another à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Burns pursues a cost benefit, economic exchange to met subordinates current material and psychic needs in return for contracted services rendered by the subordinate à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Bass Here, transformational leaders make exchange of work with their followers for benefit or rewards. Followers are motivated with the rewards being given. Transformational Leader: recognizes and exploits an existing need or demand of a potential followerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (and) looks for potential motives in followers, seeks to satisfy higher needs, and engages the full person of the follower à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Burns The leader who recognizes the transactional needs in potential followers but tends to go further, seeking to arouse and satisfy higher needs, to engage the full person of the follower à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ to a higher level of need according to Maslows hierarchy of needs à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Bass Here, transformational leaders tend to focus on the move to change the followers and the organization. In addition, as explained by Bass, the transactional leaders focus on the organizational work within the organizational culture as the way it exists; on the other hand, the transformational leaders try to bring changes to the organizational culture. 4.0 Personal characteristics Transactional Directive Dominating Action-Oriented Transformational Self Confident Assertive Seizes Opportunities Tolerates Risk Uses Systems Thinking 5.0 Characteristics of Transactional leaders 1. Contingent rewards: Transactional leaders link the goal to rewards, clarify expectations, provide necessary resources, set mutually agreed upon goals, and provide various kinds of rewards for successful performance. They set SMART (specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, and timely) goals for their subordinates. These leaders work on some aspects which include; Exchange of rewards for effort contracted. Rewards for achieving goals promised. Accomplishments recognized. Clear goals and recognition once they are reached is held to result in individuals and groups achieving expected levels of performance. 2. Management by exception (active): Transactional leaders actively monitor the work of their subordinates, watch for deviations from rules and standards and taking corrective action to prevent mistakes. These personalities also include; Standards specified by leader. Deviations are searched from the rules and standards. Corrective action taken quickly if necessary. May involve follower punishment. 3. Management by exception (passive): Transactional leaders intervene only when standards are not met or when the performance is not as per the expectations. They may even use punishment as a response to unacceptable performance. These leaders have some uniqueness which include; Leader awaits emergence of problems before acting. Intervenes only if standards are not met. 4. Passive-avoidant/Laissez-faire: The leader provides an environment where the subordinates get many opportunities to make decisions. The leader himself abdicates responsibilities and avoids making decisions and therefore the group often lacks direction. This can also be explained as; Agreements are not specified; there are no expectations set; and goals and standards are avoided. 6. 0 Characteristics of Transformational Leadership 1. Charisma or idealized influence The degree to which the leader behaves in admirable ways that cause followers to identify with the leader. Charismatic leaders display convictions, take stands and appeal to followers on an emotional level. This is about the leader having a clear set of values and demonstrating them in every action, providing a role model for their followers. 2. Inspirational motivation The degree to which the leader articulates a vision that is appealing and inspiring to followers. Leaders with inspirational motivation challenge followers with high standards, communicate optimism about future goals, and provide meaning for the task at hand. Followers need to have a strong sense of purpose if they are to be motivated to act. Purpose and meaning provide the energy that drives a group forward. It is also important that this visionary aspect of leadership be supported by skills that allow the leader to articulate his or her vision with precision and power in a compelling and persuasive way. 3. Intellectual stimulation The degree to which the leader challenges assumptions, takes risks and solicits followers ideas. Leaders with this trait stimulate and encourage creativity in their followers. 4. Individualized consideration or individualized attention The degree to which the leader attends to each followers needs, acts as a mentor or coach to the follower and listens to the followers concerns and needs. This also encompasses the need to respect and celebrate the individual contribution that each follower can make to the team (it is the diversity of the team that gives it its true strength). Transformational Leaders Motivating for performance beyond expectations. Inspiring for missions beyond self interest. Instilling confidence to achieve performance. Transformational leadership goes beyond transactional leadership. Transactional Leaders Motivating for performance at expected levels. Initiating structure to clarify the task and roles. Stressing the link between reward and goal achievement. Uses agreed upon performance to motivate. Performance beyond expectations 7.0 Assumptions Transformational leaders People get inspired by a person then they will follow that person. Great things can be achieved by person with vision and passion. Things are gotten done by the way they are injected with enthusiasm and energy. Transactional Leaders Followers/Employees are motivated by reward and punishment. Orders are given by the superiors, and the subordinates have to obey the orders. These subordinates are not self-motivated rather they need to be intimately monitored and controlled in order to get the work done from them. 8.0 Differences Transitional leaders Transactional leaders are aware of the link between the effort and reward Transactional leadership is responsive and its basic orientation is dealing with present issues Transactional leaders rely on standard forms of inducement, reward, punishment and sanction to control followers Transactional leaders motivate followers by setting goals and promising rewards for desired performance Transactional leadership depends on the leaders power to reinforce subordinates for their successful completion of the bargain. Transformational leaders Transformational leaders arouse emotions in their followers which motivates them to act beyond the framework of what may be described as exchange relations Transformational leadership is proactive and forms new expectations in followers Transformational leaders are distinguished by their capacity to inspire and provide individualized consideration, intellectual stimulation and idealized influence to their followers Transformational leaders create learning opportunities for their followers and stimulate followers to solve problems Transformational leaders possess good visioning, rhetorical and management skills, to develop strong emotional bonds with followers Transformational leaders motivate followers to work for goals that go beyond self-interest. In addition, the below table will give a detailed contrast of the differences between Transactional leadership and transformational leadership. Transactional Leadership Transformational Leadership à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Leadership of the status quo. Effective in stable organizations and contexts. More likely to be observed in a well-ordered society. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Leadership of change (within leaders, followers and organizations). Important in times of distress and rapid and destabilizing change. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Focuses on social and economic exchanges between leaders and followers, using contingent rewards and administrative actions to reinforce positive and reform negative behaviors. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Focuses on organizational objectives and organizational change by disseminating new values and seeking alternatives to existing arrangements. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Leader-follower relationship sees each exchange needs and services to satisfy their independent objectives. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Leader-follower relationship sees purposes of both become fused, leading to unity and shared purpose. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Motivates followers by appealing to their own self-interest (for example, pay, and promotion). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Attempts to raise follower needs (following Maslows hierarchy) to higher levels (for example, self-esteem) and to develop followers into leaders. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Based on directive power acts. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Based on interaction and influence. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Follower response based on compliance. Supervision likely to be important. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Follower response based on commitment. Supervision may be minimal. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Leadership act takes place but leaders and followers not bound together in mutual pursuit of higher purpose. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Leaders and followers raise one another to higher levels of motivation and morality. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Founded on peoples need to make a living by completing tasks. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Founded on peoples need for meaning. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Focuses on situational authority, politics and perks. Involves values, but typically those required for successful exchange relationships (for example, reciprocity, and integrity). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Focuses on personal power, values, morals and ethics. May be demonstrated by anyone in an organization in any type of position. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Emphasis on day-to-day affairs, business needs short-term goals and quantitative information. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Transcends daily affairs, concentrating on long-term issues. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Leader-follower relationship may be established quickly. A relatively impersonal relationship maintained only as long as benefits outweigh costs. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ May take time for leader-follower bonds to develop. A personal relationship that may persist when costs outweigh benefits. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Tends to be transitory. Once a transaction is completed, relationship may need to be redefined. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Tends to be enduring. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Emphasizes tactical issues. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Emphasizes missions and strategies for achieving them. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Typically involves working within current systems. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ May involve redesigning of jobs to make them more meaningful and challenging. Emphasizes realization of human potential. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Supports structures and systems that emphasize outcomes. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Aligns structures and systems to overarching values and goals. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Follower counseling focuses on evaluation. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Follower counseling focuses on personal development. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Atomistic worldview and moral altruistic motives based on teleological perspective (that is to say, based on consequences). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Organic worldview and moral altruistic motives based on deontological perspective (that is to say, based on promises). In addition to the above table, their differences can also be categorized as the following; Basis Servant or steward Leadership Transformational leaders have idealized vision. They are likable and honorable hero that worth imitating and identifying. They lead to promote change in the environment. On the other hand, Transactional leaders have the basis of exchange process. They work on mutual need satisfying, giving rewards for job performance. They lead to promote stability in the workplace. Leadership development Transformational leaders tend to have more power. They empower and energize their followers excel. They re-engineer their followers. On the other hand, Transactional leaders design structures, control and reward system in their workplace to improve effectiveness and efficiency. Lead by example Transformational leaders are charismatic. They handle and meet individuals needs. As well, they upgrade the level of the needs. On the other hand, Transactional leaders possess different types of leadership style, using the right style at the necessary time. Proactive change agent Transformational leaders make an effort to inspire their followers to help them change and transcend their selves for greater purposes. On the other hand, Transactional leaders reward their followers in terms of their performance. They are reactive to change at instances. Vision creator propagandist Transformational leaders make effort to create a vision of desired future state. They communicate pain of change that worth the effort. On the other hand, Transactional leaders focus on company goals and objectives. They make sure the needed goals are achieved. 9.0 Examples Transactional Leadership In this kind of leadership, a clear chain of command is established. The leader motivates his subordinates by presenting them rewards and punishments. All requirements for a subordinate are clearly stated with corresponding rewards. If they fail to satisfy those requirements, they will receive a corresponding punishment. A couple of famous examples of transactional leaders are Joseph McCarthy and Charles de Gaulle. Transformational Leadership Transformational leaders lead by motivating by their followers. Leaders appeal to their followers ideals and morals to motivate them in accomplishing their tasks. Basically, these kinds of leaders empower their followers using their own beliefs and personal strengths. Simply put, they inspire their followers. Famous transformational leaders include Martin Luther King Jr. and Walt Disney. 10.0 Conclusion Finally, the transactional style of leadership is viewed as insufficient, but not bad, in developing the maximum leadership potential. It forms as the basis for more mature interactions but care should be taken by leaders not to practice it exclusively, otherwise it will lead to the creation of an environment permeated by position, power, perks, and politics. On the other hand, transformational Leadership by definition, seek to transform. When the organization does not need transforming and people are happy as they are, then such a leader will be frustrated. Like wartime leaders, however, given the right situation they come into their own and can be personally responsible for saving entire companies.

Invasive or Exotic Species :: Environment, Plants, Animals

Today, Plants and animals usually can travel around the world in a matter of hours to days through planes or by ship. Usually their presence is harmful, yet some scientists believe that they can actually be a catalyst for biodiversity! Invasive or exotic species have altered the Chesapeake Bay region; with both a negative and positive impact. â€Å"Exotic species are plants, animals or microbes that have been transported from one geographic region to another.† (5) They are moved from an area where their evolution balance is set, into an area where they may not have any natural competitors. Invasive or exotic species can cause a major impact to our environment. They can put ecosystems at risk by changing an entire environment, replace other species that are native to the environment, and even damage human activities such as fishing. (1) Once introduced into a new environment, Invasive species throw off the ecological balance of the area. They may not have natural predators and can outcompete natural organisms; giving them the opportunity for fast growth throughout the environment! (The nature Conservancy, 2004) Invasive species are even the one of the top reasons why some of our endangered species are threatened. The graph to the left shows that about 50 percent of threatened or affected endangered species were du e to these exotic species! In the United States alone there are many invasive and exotic species already established! According to the Exotics in the Chesapeake, â€Å"At least 4,500 species have established free-living populations in the U.s.† (3) These species have even shown through in the waters around us! I do believe that these Invasive and Exotic species have even altered the Chesapeake Bay region and that these alterations aren’t always predictable! For instance, Oysters in the Chesapeake Bay have suffered since their parasites Dermo and MSX were introduced into the area as exotics.(3) Oysters fundamental role is to abolish the algae in the water; yet with the decline of oysters there is a major demolish in the bay ecosystem. (3) This is not just affecting the bay, it is also affecting oyster fishery bringing much economic loss. (3) Other examples would include the mute swan; which acts aggressive towards other birds in the area. (2) Even though there are many downfalls to these species many could bring good. The Hydrilla plant might take control and replace other native plants; yet can also benefit the bay.

Charles Rennie Mackintosh Essay -- Essays Papers

Charles Rennie Mackintosh. Charles Rennie Mackintosh was born in Glasgow on 7 June 1868. He trained as an architect in a local firm and studied art & design at evening classes at the Glasgow School of Art. For 20 years he worked as an architect/designer in Glasgow where all his best known work was created. Much of it is still there today. At art school Mackintosh and his friend and colleague Herbert MacNair met the artist sisters Margaret and Frances Macdonald. These four artists collaborated on designs for furniture, metalwork and illustration, developing a distinctive imagery of weird, abstracted female figures and metamorphic lines reminiscent of Aubrey Beardsley. Their style earned them the nickname of the 'Spook School' and their work, particularly in England, was treated with suspicion because of its decadent influence of Continental art nouveau. At this time Continental Art Nouveau was frowned upon by art critics. The majority of Mackintosh's work was created, with the help of a small number of patrons, within a short period of intense activity betwe...

Why maths are rejected? by M. Moran

What is mathematics? Mathematics is a science, artistic expression of thought, a standard academic studying various concepts such as: space, structure, and change the amount; are a set of knowledge In progress, their objects of study are abstract and theoretical development is achieved through intuition, manipulating objects, and all forms of logical thought. What are we math? We used to be able to solve practical problems and daily life, understand the science, studying economics and an essential thing Is that it is very supportive and helps to develop the mind.In recent years, several teachers and educators have tried to fold an explanation to why mathematics has become one of the materials with the lowest averages in current societies. But not only are they concerned this problem, parents and guardians also Curious about this rejection and fear that children from an early age to show the numbers. Lately, parents have come to regard mathematics the main cause of school problems wit h their children, and have referred to them with the worst qualifying. Thus mathematics acquired a bad reputation for the home and children and grow with hat paradigm.One reason for the rejection of mathematics and the most important is the limited ability of some teachers to teach the subject; their teaching methodology Is not the best or correct; there are teachers who are not sufficiently trained to teach, especially In the primary which Is where the foundations of the art form; is how students they find it harder to understand a problem or solve a problem and qualify as â€Å"hard† or â€Å"boring†. Moreover, as the mathematical learning is cumulative, changing mathematics teachers each year during school or college stage an also be a problem, since the methodology of teaching is not the same in all teachers.Many people do not consider the Importance of this matter, as they fall to see or acknowledge you in all your daily activities make use of them, either conscio usly or unconsciously; that is why teachers should teach their students from the beginning the applications of mathematics in everyday life and for them to get to see them differently and achieve curiosity and interest in it. They can use them to note that in such simple activities Like starting a pizza or an Ice cream.Another major cause of this problem is that mathematics is a discipline that requires effort, concentration, dedication and patience; qualities that not everyone enjoys. So growing rejection, fear and hatred of math, because not all people are so disciplined in the art to be persevering in efforts to achieve and difficulty finding the desired result. Other causes of rejection are also stereotypes of teachers, and confuse or personality associated with the art teacher, If the teacher Is not to their liking them or saying that is difficult and even boring.A clear example of this problem the 10th world power with respect to mathematics, being the contributor 5% of articl es in scientific Journals in the world, but this has changed with the passing of the years living in Spain because certain mismatches have occurred over the years that have made new students from small will have little apathy to mathematics, among the highlights are: Training of teachers regarding the problem and motivation in the classroom. In this regard President SEEM (Spanish Society for Research in Mathematics Education) Bernard Gomez said that mathematics not only generate antipathy, but can provoke anxiety. Many teachers of the subject shows his annoyance about the academic to the decayed over the years but despite this level as Bernard Gomez, â€Å"There are great Spanish mathematicians. † But where is the problem? It is public knowledge that mathematics is considered one of the hardest if not the hardest materials, this causes very little enthusiasm in young people. The determinants of the lack of enthusiasm are lack of motivation, the teaching methodology of the stu dy program, the attitude that put the dents in learning and ‘climate' social adverse presenting this subject from parents towards their children.An example of this social problem is in the â€Å"avoid something I do not understand ask for fear of looking like a fool in front of my peers. † Besides this internal factor lies in what is itself the subject that is the complexity when reason and not Just read and try it once, deserves a longer effort because it should read several times to achieve a successful argument, as if they need a math problem on the proposed extended understanding and a little reflection, Just so you an achieve a successful resolution to exercise.We could see that there thinking skills that influence this paradigm aforementioned such as cognitive, affective and intentional skills are what create a negative atmosphere in most cases about the difficulty that can have mathematics through of their lives, this is due to a misconception that the person has in childhood as very young is not given good references to the child what is mathematics really like: â€Å"it's all about the math† . In this way we can help you make a concept car which is mathematics and the importance they will have in the future.It would help to eradicate this problem, you teach from small to having love, affection and respect to mathematics and its content is infinite but is one of the most beautiful and important sciences of the world. In my opinion, mathematics is rejected because since childhood listening to adults talk that mathematics is difficult, which is the subject to which you have to put more effort because of its difficulty; and somehow this leads to a mental block for some children and only a hard work of a master or willingly takes discard this paradigm hat many of the people who reject mathematics have been left out.

Concept of data mining and warehouse

Abstraction: Data excavation can detect information hidden within valuable informations assets. Knowledge find, utilizing advanced information engineerings, can bring out venas of surprising, aureate penetrations in a mountain of factual informations. Data excavation consists of panoply of powerful tools which are intuitive, easy to explicate, apprehensible, and simple to utilize. These advanced information engineerings include unreal intelligence methods ( e.g. adept systems, fuzzed logic, etc. ) , determination trees, regulation initiation methods, familial algorithms and familial scheduling, nervous webs ( e.g. back extension, associate memories, etc. ) , and constellating techniques. The synergism created between informations warehousing and informations excavation allows cognition searchers to leverage their monolithic informations assets, therefore bettering the quality and effectivity of their determinations. The turning demands for informations excavation and real-time analys is of information will be a impulsive force in the development of new informations warehouse architectures and methods and, conversely, the development of new informations excavation methods and applications. Keywords: Computer package, Data excavation, Data structuring, Knowledge-based systemsIntroductionData excavation is concerned with detecting new, meaningful information, so that determination shapers can larn every bit much as they can from their valuable informations assets. Using advanced information engineerings, cognition find in databases, can bring out venas of surprising and aureate penetrations in a mountain of factual informations. Data repositing is a methodological analysis that combines and co-ordinates many sets of diversified informations into a incorporate and consistent organic structure of utile information. In larger organisations, many different types of users with varied demands must use the same monolithic informations warehouse to recover those pieces of information which best suit their alone demands.DATA Mining CONCEPTSData excavation can be defined as the procedure of researching and analysing big volumes of informations in order to detect interesting and co ncealed forms, regulations and relationships with informations. The intent of informations excavation is to let a corporation to better its selling, gross revenues and client support operations through better apprehension of its clients. Large corporation are utilizing informations excavation to turn up high-value clients, to heighten their merchandise offerings to increase gross revenues and to minimise losingss due to error or fraud.HOW DATA MINING WORKSData excavation is a constituent of a wider procedure called â€Å" cognition find from database † . It involves scientists and statisticians, every bit good as those working in other Fieldss such as machine acquisition, unreal intelligence, information retrieval and pattern acknowledgment. Before a information set can be mined, it foremost has to be â€Å" cleaned † . This cleansing procedure removes mistakes, ensures consistence and takes losing values into history. Next, computing machine algorithms are used to â€Å" mine † the clean informations looking for unusual forms. Finally, the forms are interpreted to bring forth new cognition. How informations excavation can help bankers in heightening their concerns is illustrated in this illustration. Records include information such as age, sex, matrimonial position, business, figure of kids, and etc. of the bank ‘s clients over the old ages are used in the excavation procedure. First, an algorithm is used to place features that distinguish clients who took out a peculiar sort of loan from those who did non. Finally, it develops â€Å" regulations † by which it can place clients who are likely to be good campaigners for such a loan. These regulations are so used to place such clients on the balance of the database. Next, another algorithm is used to screen the database into bunch or groups of people with many similar properties, with the hope that these might uncover interesting and unusual forms. Finally, the forms revealed by these bunchs are so interpreted by the information mineworkers, in coaction with bank forcesDATA WAREHOUSE CONCEPTSData repositing is a subject-oriented, integrated, historical and summarized informations in support of direction ‘s determination devising.Capable orientedIt shops subject-oriented information such as clients, merchandises and pupils instead than the application countries such as client invoicing, stock list and pupil direction.IntegratedIt is the consolidation and integrating of corporate application-oriented informations from multiple beginnings. The integrated informations beginning must be made consistent to show a incorporate position of the informations to the users.HistoricalData warehouse informations is historical. It represents snapshots overtime. Data is read merely because it is historical informations.SummarizedA information repositing system can frequently be summarized to an appropriate degree of item. A information warehouse provides information to help companies in determination devising. Companies can utilize the valuable information in a information warehouse to place tendencies. A information repositing is a procedure that can:Retrieve information from the beginning systemsTransform informations into a utile format to put into the informations warehousePull off the databaseUse tools for edifice and pull offing the information warehouseDATA Mining TOOLSOrganizations that wish to utilize informations excavation tools can buy excavation plans designed for bing package and hardware platforms, which can be integrated into new merchandises and systems as they are brought online, or they can construct their ain usage excavation solution. For case, feeding the end product of a information excavation exercising into another computing machine system, such as a nervous web, is rather common and can give the mined informations more value. This is because the informations excavation tool g athers the informations, while the 2nd plan ( e.g. , the nervous web ) makes determinations based on the information collected. Different types of informations excavation tools are available in the market place, each with their ain strengths and failings. Internal hearers need to be cognizant of the different sorts of informations excavation tools available and urge the purchase of a tool that matches the organisation ‘s current detective demands. This should be considered every bit early as possible in the undertaking ‘s lifecycle, possibly even in the feasibleness survey. Most informations excavation tools can be classified into one of three classs: traditional informations excavation tools, splashboards, and text-mining tools. Below is a description of each.Traditional Data Mining Tools. Traditional information excavation plans help companies set up informations forms and tendencies by utilizing a figure of complex algorithms and techniques. Some of these tools are installed on the desktop to supervise the information and high spot tendencies and others capture information residing outside a database. The bulk are available in both Windows and UNIX versions, although some specialize in one operating system merely. In add-on, while some may concentrate on one database type, most will be able to manage any informations utilizing on-line analytical processing or a similar engineering.Splashboards. Installed in computing machines to supervise information in a database, splashboards reflect informations alterations and updates onscreen – frequently in the signifier of a chart or table – enabling the user to see how the concern is executing. Historical informations besides can be referenced, enabling the user to see where things have changed ( e.g. , addition in gross revenues from the same period last twelvemonth ) . This functionality makes splashboards easy to utilize and peculiarly appealing to directors who wish to hold an overview of the company ‘s public presentation.Text-mining Tools. The 3rd type of informations mining tool sometimes is called a text-mining tool because of its ability to mine informations from different sorts of text – from Microsoft Word and Acrobat PDF paperss to simple text files, for illustration. These tools scan content and change over the selected information into a format that is compatible with the tool ‘s database, therefore supplying users with an easy and convenient manner of accessing informations without the demand to open different applications. Scanned content can be unstructured ( i.e. , information is scattered about indiscriminately across the papers, including electronic mails, Internet pages, sound and picture informations ) or structured ( i.e. , the information ‘s signifier and intent is known, such as content found in a database ) . Capturing these inputs can supply organisations with a wealth of information that can be mined to detect tendencies, constructs, and attitudes.Besides these tools, other applications and plans may be used for informations excavation intents. For case, audit question tools can be used to foreground fraud, information anomalousnesss, and forms. In add-on, internal hearers can utilize spreadsheets to set about simple informations excavation exercisings or to bring forth drumhead tabular arraies. Some of the desktop, notebook, and server computing machines that run runing systems such as Windows, Linux, and Macintosh can be imported straight into Microsoft Excel. Using polar tabular arraies in the s preadsheet, hearers can reexamine complex informations in a simplified format and bore down where necessary to happen the underlining premises or information. When measuring informations excavation schemes, companies may make up one's mind to get several tools for specific intents, instead than buying one tool that meets all demands. Although geting several tools is non a mainstream attack, a company may take to make so if, for illustration, it installs a splashboard to maintain directors informed on concern affairs, a full data-mining suite to gaining control and construct informations for its selling and gross revenues weaponries, and an question tool so hearers can place fraud activity.DATAMINING TechniqueIn add-on to utilizing a peculiar information excavation tool, internal hearers can take from a assortment of informations mining techniques. The most normally used techniques include unreal nervous webs, determination trees, and the nearest-neighbor method. Each of these techniques analyzes informations in different ways:Artificial nervous webs are non-linear, prognostic theoretical accounts that learn through preparation. Although th ey are powerful prognostic mold techniques, some of the power comes at the disbursal of easiness of usage and deployment. One country where hearers can easy utilize them is when reexamining records to place fraud and fraud-like actions. Because of their complexness, they are better employed in state of affairss where they can be used and reused, such as reexamining recognition card minutess every month to look into for anomalousnesss.Decision trees are arboreal constructions that represent determination sets. These determinations generate regulations, which so are used to sort informations. Decision trees are the favorite technique for constructing apprehensible theoretical accounts. Hearers can utilize them to measure, for illustration, whether the organisation is utilizing an appropriate cost-efficient selling scheme that is based on the assigned value of the client, such as net income.The nearest-neighbor method classifies dataset records based on similar informations in a histor ical dataset. Hearers can utilize this attack to specify a papers that is interesting to them and inquire the system to seek for similar points.Each of these attacks brings different advantages and disadvantages that need to be considered prior to their usage. Nervous webs, which are hard to implement, necessitate all input and end point end product to be expressed numerically, therefore necessitating some kind of reading depending on the nature of the data-mining exercising. The determination tree technique is the most normally used methodological analysis, because it is simple and straightforward to implement. Finally, the nearest-neighbor method relies more on associating similar points and, hence, works better for extrapolation instead than prognostic questions. A good manner to use advanced informations excavation techniques is to hold a flexible and synergistic informations excavation tool that is to the full integrated with a database or informations warehouse. Using a tool that operates outside of the database or informations warehouse is non as efficient. Using such a tool will affect excess stairss to pull out, import, and analyze the information. When a information excavation tool is integrated with the informations warehouse, it simplifies the application and execution of excavation consequences. Furthermore, as the warehouse grows with new determinations and consequences, the organisation can mine best patterns continually and use them to future determinations. Regardless of the technique used, the existent value behind informations excavation is patterning – the procedure of constructing a theoretical account based on user-specified standards from already captured informations. Once a theoretical account is built, it can be used in similar state of affairss where an reply is non known. For illustration, an organisation looking to get new clients can make a theoretical account of its ideal client that is based on bing informations captured from people who antecedently purchased the merchandise. The theoretical account so is used to question informations on prospective clients to see if they match the profile. Modeling besides can be used in audit sections to foretell the figure of hearers required to set about an audit program based on old efforts and similar work.BENEFITS OF DATA MINING & A ; DATA WAREHOUSE TO ORGANIZATIONSBenefits of Data MiningOrganizations ‘ point of positionData excavation is really of import to concerns b ecause it helps to heighten their overall operations and detect new forms that may let companies gives better function to their clients. Through informations excavation, fiscal and insurance companies are able to observe forms of deceitful recognition card use, place behavior forms of hazard clients, and analyze claims.Besides that, informations excavation besides help these companies minimize their hazard and increase their net incomes. Since companies are able to minimise their hazard, they may be able to bear down the clients lower involvement rate or lower premium. Companies are stating that information excavation is good to everyone because some of the benefit that they obtained through informations excavation will be passed on to the consumers. Data excavation allows marketing companies to aim their clients more efficaciously, hence, can cut down their demands for mass advertizements. As a consequence, the companies can go through on their economy to the consumers. Harmonizing to Michael Turner, an executive manager of a Directing Marking Association † Detailed consumer information lets apparel retail merchants market their merchandises to consumers with more preciseness. But if privateness regulations impose limitations and barriers to informations aggregation, those restrictions could increase the monetary values consumers pay when they buy from catalog or on-line dress retail merchants by 3.5 % to 11 % † . When it comes to privacy issues, organisations will state that they are making everything they can to protect their clients ‘ personal information. In add-on, they merely use consumer informations for ethical intents such as selling, observing recognition card fraudulent, and etc. To guarantee that personal information are used in an ethical manner, the main information officers ( CIO ) Magazine has put together a list of what they call the Six Commandments of Ethical Date Management. The six commandments include: â€Å" 1 ) information is a valuable corporate plus and should be managed as such, like hard currency, installations or any other corporate plus ; 2 ) the CIO is steward of corporate informations and is responsible for pull offing it over its life rhythm ( from its coevals to its appropriate devastation ) ; 3 ) the CIO is responsible for commanding entree to and usage of informations, as determined by governmental ordinance and corporate policy ; 4 ) the CIO is respo nsible for forestalling inappropriate devastation of informations ; 5 ) the CIO is responsible for conveying technological cognition to the development of informations direction patterns and policies ; 6 ) the CIO should spouse with executive equals to develop and put to death the organisation ‘s informations direction policies. † Since informations excavation is non a perfect procedure, errors such as mismatching information will happen. Companies and organisations are cognizant of this issue and seek to cover it. Harmonizing to Agrawal, an IBM ‘s research worker, informations obtained through excavation is merely associated with a 5 to 10 per centum loss in truth. However, with uninterrupted betterment in informations excavation techniques, the per centum in inaccuracy will diminish significantly.Benefits of Data WarehouseThere are a big figure of obvious advantages involved with utilizing a information warehouse. As the name suggests, a information warehouse is a computerized warehouse in which information is stored. The organisation that owns this information can analyse it in order to happen historical forms or connexions that can let them to do of import concern determinations. In this article I will travel over some of the advantages and disadvantages that are connected to informations warehouses. One of the best advantages to utilizing a information warehouse is that users will be able to entree a big sum of information. This information can be used to work out a big figure of jobs, and it can besides be used to increase the net incomes of a company. Not merely are users able to hold entree to a big sum of information, but this information is besides consistent. It is relevant and organized in an efficient mode. While it will help a company in increasing its net incomes, the cost of calculating will greatly be reduced. One powerful characteristic of information warehouses is that informations from different locations can be combined in one location. There are a figure of grounds why this is of import. When information is taken from multiple beginnings and placed in a centralised location, an organisation can analyse it in a manner that may let them to come up with different solutions than they would if they looked at the information individually. Data excavation is connected to informations warehouses, and nervous webs or computing machine algorithms are responsible. When information is analyzed from multiple beginnings, forms and connexions can be discovered which would non be found otherwise. Another advantage of information warehouses is that they can make a construction which will let alterations within the stored informations to be transferred back to operational systems. However there are a figure of disadvantages that need to be mentioned every bit good. Before informations can be stored within the warehouse, it must be cleaned, loaded, or extracted. This is a procedure that can take a long period of clip. There may besides be issues with compatibility. For illustration, a new dealing system may non work with systems that are already being used. Users who will be working with the informations warehouse must be trained to utilize it. If they are non trained decently, they may take non to work within the informations warehouse. If the informations warehouse can be accessed via the cyberspace, this could take to a big figure of security jobs. Another job with the informations warehouse is that it is hard to keep. Any organisation that is sing utilizing a information warehouse must make up one's mind if the benefits outweigh the costs. Once you have paid for the information warehouse, you will still necessitate to pay for the cost of care over clip. The costs involved with this must ever be taken into consideration. When it comes to hive awaying information, there are two techniques which are used. The first is called the dimensional technique. When the dimensional technique is used, information will be stored within the informations warehouse as facts. These facts will take the signifier of either text or numerical information. Data which is stored with the dimensional technique will incorporate information which is specific to one event. The dimensional technique is utile for workers who have a limited sum of information engineering accomplishments. It makes the informations easy for them to analyze and understand. In add-on to this, information warehouses that use the dimensional technique tend to run rapidly. The biggest job with the dimensional technique is if the company decides to alter the manner it conducts concern, it will be hard to alter the informations warehouse to back up it. The 2nd technique that is used hive awaying information is called database standardization. With this technique, the information is store in a 3rd normal signifier. While adding informations is easy, bring forthing studies can be boring.DecisionAs a decision, informations excavation can be good for concerns, authoritiess, society every bit good as the single individual. However, the major defect with informations excavati on is that it increases the hazard of privateness invasion. Currently, concern organisations do non hold sufficient security systems to protect the information that they obtained through informations excavation from unauthorised entree, though the usage of informations excavation should be restricted. In the hereafter, when companies are willing to pass money to develop sufficient security system to protect consumer informations, so the usage of informations excavation may be supported.

Wanderlust and Travel NT

Journeys can include those that are physical, mental or inner and are often accompanied by challenges that can change the individual mostly for the better. Journeys are taken for many reasons, some are taken from choice and others are compulsory. A journey can be lone or be accompanied. The outcomes of journeys may shape the individual as a person. I was not aware of the depth or many aspects of concept of journey till our study of it. After our study I have developed a appreciation not only of all of the things I have mentioned but the affect that journey has on the lives on everyone of us. Wanderlust by Dorothy Hewett explores journeys, both physical and imaginative. The poem starts off with a quote from another poem. â€Å"When I was but thirteen or so I went into a golden land† and leads on to the protagonist stating that she wants to travel to the edge of the world. The reason for the girl’s desire for many traveling experiences first comes from the quote in W J Tuner’s Poem. Her wide spread of knowledge through her interest in books has also made her want to travel the world. In Wanderlust the protagonist reveals the imaginative journey she takes through her books that she reads. Her sense of experiencing journey in her head is shown throughout the poem. â€Å"Taking off in a gypsy moth in the London to Sydney air race† â€Å"She wanted to travel to the edge of the world past the timberline† The journeys undertaken in her mind have made her who she is. The realization of life is her journey through all the books and travels in her imagination. In the final stanza the meaning of her journey is given, she really wants to travel but she can’t. â€Å"She put the books back on the shelf† All the experiences given before were all fabricated in her imagination. Her ideas set alight her imagination which went wild, taking her all over the world. â€Å"She rifled the Pharaohs bones†¦ looking down from the tops of the Andes†¦.† Her experiences in all the stories have proven that she wants the leave her ordinariness of her life and travel the world. But on putting the books back and savoring her own surrounding she shows she is content to travel in her imagination via the books. â€Å"Walked to the front gate, the moon was up she could smell the orchard in the cold† The ad by travelNT shows a young traveling couple following a physical journey. The sun down on the horizon and the beams reflecting the red off the surrounds has given a real feeling of excitement and wonder. â€Å"Seeing Palm valley made us feel like the luckiest people alive† The quote on the other side of the picture relates to the near surrounding in which they intended to travel to. Followed by â€Å"It was like stepping back through time, everything untouched as far as the eye can see† inviting the reader to take a similar journey. The description gives a sense of tranquility, and the realization that the travelers can travel to a distance place where human kind has not disturbed the area. The physical journey made by the young couple can become a life changing experience through their having to cope with new surroundings, different customs and learning new skills. Journeys often lead to a different perception of life and how it affects you. No matter what type of journey is taken, it affects the individual. In Wanderlust the protagonist wants to travel but only travels through her imagination and the young couple are adventurers traveling to distant planes, but in both cases the travelers may undergo significant changes as their result of their journey. The protagonist in Wanderlust conveys her experiences through her knowledge acquired from books and her imaginative travels while travel NT relates a physical journey however in both journeys the benefit was to widen their way of thinking of the people involved The skills gained from each journey are different. The physical journey provides problem solving, physical skills while in Wanderlust the protagonist shows her mental skills using her mind to imagine. Aside from the different journeys and destination they have taken, the important thing was not the journey itself but the how they engaged themselves to the journey. In learning journey it seems that I was on a journey myself learning the aspects of concept of journey. The study on journey reflects what we might undergo in the future no matter what type of journey is involved. I have come to understand that our life is journey and may also encounter obstacles but will lead to many great experiences.

12 Angry Men Analysis – 2

Nobody could forecast that a low budget movie with 12 different actors performing in one single room could affect in such a remarkable degree several sciences like law, business, psychology etc. The movie, based on the scenario that a 12 member jury group is about to decide through a certain procedure if a young boy is going to face the death penalty or not, can be linked with many theories referring to leadership or group/team work. Influenced by the Group Effectiveness Model of Schwarz (2002), the structure of the group along with the context and the process are vital for its effectiveness (Eirini Flouri & Yiannis Fitsakis 2007).In the first part of the film when the stage of forming, as it is claimed by the Tuckman’s Team Model, occurs, we notice the main characteristics of this group(David A. Buchanan & Andrej Huczynski, 2010). The group consists of 12 male middle aged white men probably coming from the middle class. Even from this first impression, admiring the effort of the film to achieve diversity, signs of prejudice appear. Specifically, the fact that all of them are men and moreover white men represents main biases of that period.Additionally, as it is mentioned to Sheldon’s Theory about the biases, the somatotype of each person declares in a certain way its character and this can be noticed by the selection of the characters and their match with the roles (Big guy is the tough one, smaller and thinner is the most innocuous, the handsome is the sensible and sensitive one etc. ) (David A. Buchanan & Andrej Huczynski, 2010). Despite the fact that the movie is trying to accuse such biases (which will be underlined later) certain ways of projection of that period could not be avoided.This is one of the reasons why in the remake of the film in 1997 black actors participated as well and later there even women were introduced in the team for certain theatrical versions. (Eirini Flouri & Yiannis Fitsakis 2007). The existence of a â€Å"one-offà ¢â‚¬  situation like this in the movie leaves space for less inhibition for conflicts. Moreover, specific factors like the size, the external-internal environment and the definition of the process play a crucial role in the structure of the group.Obviously, the size of this group is 12, but the question is: why so many? The reason is that by having a greater number of juries the system of justice achieves higher levels of democracy with less possibilities of getting unfair decisions combining the memory, the knowledge and the experience of each member and eliminates any prejudiced behaviors. On the other hand as Social Impact Theory mentions the more members there are, the less responsibility they feel (Latane and Nida, 1980).In the external environment we could enclose the time of the procedure, which is unlimited at first but with a deadline coming up afterwards, and the conditions of the place of action, which is characterized by the humidity and the high summer temperatures, th e broken air-conditioning, the unavailability of space. Such details could become the cause of stress, aggressiveness and as it was shown desire for fast result (just finish the procedure). In the internal environment issues like experience of previous similar situations, cultures, personalities, knowledge, mood, health, personal schedule and specialization could affect the result.Ending, a matter of significant importance is the definition of the procedure. In this case, we observe that after the release of the 2 alternatives there are 12 juries left. The juries have to decide if the boy is guilty or not guilty but there must be a full agreement (12 to 0) in each case; A democratic method which proves the importance of the situation. Alternatively, if they cannot reach an agreement they can decide a hung jury and then another trial will take place with different juries this time.The role of the foreman is usually for the most experienced person in this field or the first jury or fo r anyone who claims the desire and gets accepted by all. In the movie, juror1 supports this role setting the basic norms of the procedure. It is worth mentioning that nowadays, in the selection of the juries there is a specific procedure that is called â€Å"Voir Dire† procedure that clarifies the capability of the juries (Michael T. Nietzelt and Ronald C. Dillehayt 1982). Undoubtedly, the conviction of the biases of any kind is one of the main objects of this film. Primarily, in the first scheme, the judge seems really ninterested about the outcome and he seems to be sure about the result. The Halo Effect is â€Å"a judgment based on a single striking characteristic† and is being remarked in many cases during the film (Edward Thorndike, 1920). Moving to the main part of the film and the central procedure we can emphasize on the juror3 and juror10 who are the main representatives of such prejudiced behaviors. Both of them were trying to fill the gaps of their knowledge using selective attention in certain facts and their personal experience (â€Å"Principle of closure† by Max Wertheimer 1880-1943).Everyone has his stereotypes and if we imagine stereotypes as pictures in our head, jurors 3 and 10 have the image of a dangerous criminal for the defendant, raised to act in certain ways (Lippmann, 1922). More specifically, juror3 expresses, from his first lines in the film, his perception against the young boy (â€Å"I ‘d slap those kids before†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). But as the movie goes on, he expresses again and again his personal beliefs connecting them with his personal disappointment from his own son (â€Å" it’s these kids they are these day†, â€Å"I used to call my father Sir†).Even more he presents his cultural stereotype against the elderly (â€Å"How could he be positive about anything? †) Eventually, juror3 stands alone with his perceptions, believing in the boy’s guiltiness and through a psycholo gical outburst admits that all his statements were based on biases. Similarly, juror10 uses his own belief to create his racial prejudice against the defendant (â€Å"I‘ve expected that†, â€Å"You know what we are dealing with†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ) as well as his past experiences (â€Å"I’ve lived with them†¦ they are born liars†).Adding to this, juror10 weights the value of the young boy less than the cost of a trial. Finally, his â€Å"explosion† made the apocalypse of his real personality and the group’s mechanism accused his behavior through a visual isolation and oral prohibition. The existence of biases in each group can create an unpleasant internal environment for each member and be the reason of conflicts. The productivity or the effectiveness of the group is in danger if such behaviors are being tolerated. Apart from the complexity which is created there is also a matter of fairness of the group’s function.As the movie flows, the influence of the group to each individual separately is obvious but a vice versa phenomenon is noticed as well. In this part, the different roles of the jurors and their influence on each other through the communication style of all-channel are being presented, as well as with some strategies followed by the leader-juror8. One thing that is common for most of the jurors is that they have common BATNA(Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement) and this is the hung jury.However, this is not the case for jury8 claims that his only purpose is the delivery of the justice (Fisher and Uri, 1981). Starting with juror1 we can notice signs of leadership in the early beginning but he ends up being more like a manager, organizing the procedure. Excluding the moment he reaches his breaking point and suggests if anyone would like to take his place, juror1is the one who sets up the norms, accepts propositions, guides the conversation and the voting procedure, avoids conflicts and respects pr ivileges keeping a democratic way of thinking.Being the foreman can be characterized as the â€Å"co-ordinator† (Beldin’s Team Role Theory 1996, 2007). Many of the jurors (2, 5, 6, 7, 11, and 12) seem to have low self-esteem not only because of their character but also because of the number of the team that forces them to get lost in the crowd or just finish the procedure and leave (â€Å"I just think he is guilty†, â€Å"Can I pass? †, etc) This is obvious from the first vote where only 5 of the 11 votes come directly and the rest are raised slowly just to avoid being pointed out.They are becoming followers(2, 5, 6 and 11) or entertainers (7) or just dreamers (12). Of course most of them are open to hear more and accept different opinions (2, 5, and 7). The rest just do not care so much about the result and these â€Å"free riders†, as Frohlich and Oppenheimer called them in 1970, are the proof that social loafing (or Ringelmann Effect) is a commo n phenomenon in big teams. The role of juror9 has a vital meaning for the outcome because he takes part in all the breaking points of the process.Firstly, he is the first supporter of juror8, secondly it is him who explains the old witness’s psychology (â€Å"Attention†) and lastly he is the fire starter for the fall of the woman’s testimony. The main opponents to the boy’s exoneration are jurors 3, 4 and 10. As was mentioned previously jurors 3 and 10 are mostly based on biases and stereotypes for children from slums. They are all concentrated on general facts and obvious details. The extensive use of loud voice is frequently the main argument of jurors 3 and 10, which could never strengthen their position.Alternatively, juror4 is using his logic and cleverness to support his facts and admits his fault proving his maturity, once he is convinced. Focusing on juror8 we can claim that he owns the position of the leader as his bargaining power is unique. Max Weber (1947) claimed that â€Å"bargaining power is the ability someone has to achieve his goals no matter of the resistance he faces†. Juror8 follows a series of strategies in order to be flexible and adapt to the needs of each occasion. In the beginning, as it is shown from Jo-Hari’s Window, everyone has a bigger unknown-black side, so juror8 wants to get information as an input.Eventually, he adopts the strategy of a listener in order to get knowledge from the others without revealing himself. Afterwards, in the first vote he stays neutral mentioning his points aiming to make some of the rest see the facts from a different angle avoiding any conflict. The brainstorming procedure just began. In order to wake up their consciousness he uses specific words like â€Å"maybe†, â€Å"supposing†, â€Å"possible† and â€Å"assume†. In the main part he listens carefully and argues with all the elements one by one. There is also an extensive use of rhetorical questions and irony just to make his point clear.The first action scheme is when he places the similar knife on the table. The leader breaks the law in order to prove his point. He becomes more active for the first time and gets the whole team upset. Eventually, he creates the first doubts. At this specific time he calls for a new vote. Apparently, the timing is not random. Probably he recognizes some voices like his and decides that it is time to set up a coalition strategy. He needs just one vote which will strengthen amazingly his arguments and he gets it.The fact that he uses his emotional intelligence to point out his views, while he realizes that some other jurors are playing, proves once again his leading abilities. The next step is to create personal relations with some of the jurors. So, he finds the weakest of the group who are about to change side and ask for their opinions. It is not by accident that these jurors were mainly followers until this time. Having established these connections, he uses logic and science as well as the experience and the knowledge of the group in order to persuade the others.As soon as he realizes that one of his main opponents (juror3) loses his self-control, juror8 becomes aggressive and pushes him to the limits using the technique of the irony to apocalypse the existence of his personal prejudice against the defendant. After completing his task, he shows his sympathetic character and supports the worried opponent. Based on Moscovici (1976) and his 5 Aspects juror8 is loyal to his beliefs(Consistency), responsible for his acts(Autonomy), flexible whenever it is appropriate(Rigidity), risky in the first secret vote(Investment) and willing to bring justice(Fairness).The impact of this movie in our modern times is initially proved by the fact that after so many years it is still being taught in courses not only in Law schools but also in Business and Psychology schools. Definitions like brainstorming, social lo afing, diversity, team-working, biases and preconceptions, attribution, personality, leader’s abilities, democratic voting and many others are part of any organization nowadays. This movie is the omen for the evolutionary development of a team structure, a team-worker’s behavior and a leader’s characteristics. 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