Judicial Activism :: essays research papers

Legal Activism: A Necessary Action      Judicial activism is infrequently required, however when it is utilized, it is just in the most desperate of conditions. It is the wide understanding of the constitution of the United States by the Preeminent Court. Some contend this ought not be done, yet on the off chance that it had not been, servitude would still exist in America. Clearly sometimes, it is important to extend social liberties past what the constitution expressly states. This was the situation in Brown v. Leading body of Training. 9 dark understudies were permitted into a white school, recently isolated. This was the milestone case in the fight for dark social liberties. The legal activism showed by the Incomparable Court prompted a conclusion to isolation, social fairness for blacks and permitted them to arrive at regarded positions in the American culture.      A significant impact of the Supreme Courts choice was the integration of schools all over the place. Joining became government law, and schools could no longer bar candidates based on race alone. By implementing this law, the Court permitted blacks to recieve similar training as whites and viably evacuating their status as peasants. They were one bit nearer to being completely acknowledged by the white lion's share. The reconciliation of youngsters' schools was a disputable advance, and numerous southerners restricted it with outrageous partiality. There were riots to contradict this move, yet inevitably the disorder was repressed and after request was reestablished, schools were completely incorporated. Dark kids were currently on equivalent balance with white kids and could not, at this point be called less keen, as they would recieve similar instruction. Likewise, this case prompted the fifteenth amendment, giving blacks the option to cast a ballot. This was a significant occasion, viably making them complete residents, legitimately equivalent to white men inside and out. They could presently vote in favor of the president, a key piece of the delegate vote based system present in the United States. They got ready to legitimately influence the law, by casting a ballot.      Social uniformity was a significant increase for the blacks. Because of this case, and others after it, they turned out to be progressively acknowledged in a formerly white-ruled society. With any type of separation banned and deserving of law, there was no chance they could be kept from their legitimate situation as equivalents in each regard. Claims against discriminators turned out to be progressively normal, and the outlook of the basic American was one of resistance and empathy for

Bowling Alone Free Essays

This paper manages the relationship between's a solid, dynamic culture and one that is locked in commonly with sociological issues and ties. The insights communicated in Putnam’s article show a fairly quick decrease in our societies’ common commitment in the last 25 years. Putnam underlines the valiant significance of a solid and dynamic culture for development and improvement in a vote based system. We will compose a custom paper test on Bowling Alone or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now Moving forward without any more social improvement Americans could crumble their once solid, socially connected with society down to an individualistic vote based system that would break our national image.Putnam’s exposition is titled, â€Å"Bowling Alone†, he gives accentuation, and profundity to this title in a few unique manners all through his article. Maybe, the most intriguing and unconventional snippet of data that he shares however is a bowling measurement. More contemporary Americans are bowling than any other time in recent memory ever, in spite of the fact that, bowling in sorted out associations has dove in the most recent decade. Somewhere in the range of 1980 and 1993 the absolute number of bowlers in America expanded by 10 percent, while class bowling diminished by 40 percent.This measurement, that shows the ascent of solo bowling compromises the precise, occupation of bowling business owners on the grounds that a large number of those individuals who bowl as individuals from associations devour three fold the amount of brew and pizza. Regular information at that point becomes possibly the most important factor, the benefit cash in bowling doesn't get from the balls and shoes yet rather different uses, for example, lager and pizza. The more extensive social criticalness, in this issue however, anyway lies in the social c orrespondence and discussions that can get from brew and pizza, when contrasted with solo bowlers.Putnam offers other data that underpins his case, other than bowling insights. In certain pieces of the article, he shares that authoritative gatherings, overall have encountered an enormous decrease in new enrollment, in the course of the last 25 years. Church-related gatherings are the most well-known sort of association joined by Americans, ladies particularly. Different instances of well known associations oftentimes joined by Americans are, school administration gatherings, sports gatherings, proficient social orders, scholarly gatherings, worker's guilds, intimate gatherings, and veterans’ gatherings. These hierarchical gatherings share one regular quality, a decrease in new membership.There are outcomes that result after a general public starts, to lose it commonly drew in residents, for private, less confiding in ones. In a review done, more than 35 nations, it shows that social trust and urban commitment are emphatically related. The more noteworthy the measure of associational participation in a general public, the all the more confiding in its residents, are probably going to be. Trust and commitment are two segments of the equivalent hidden factor, social capital. America is as yet positioned generally high by cross-national measures in the two zones of social capital; and its residents are more trusting and more connected with than individuals in most different pieces of the world, still.What, these patterns appear in the past 25 years, be that as it may, have put United States altogether lower in the global rankings of social capital. A disturbing chance that this data gives is in another 25 years along these same lines of progress, America could be generally comparable to South Korea, Belgium, or Estonia today. Two generations’ decrease at a similar rate would leave the United States at the degree of today’s Chile, Portugal, and Slovenia. Putnam doesn't offer any solid answers for these present patterns, yet he shares his recommendation and shrewdness on such a complex problem.Giving greater duty to the foundations that bring up our kids cou ld be the appropriate response. Maybe finding better approaches to arrive at more youthful ages at a progressively huge point in adolescence could bend this pattern. For instance, initiating a bigger number of projects and associations as opposed to the run of the mill sports or scholarly exercises, advertised. Reshaping the homeroom and offering increasingly social dynamic classes could assume a noteworthy job in imparting a solid social fortifying significance to a youngster. Another opportunities for a supportive change in this present pattern could be given in an agent media source, for the individuals, by the people.There is no uncertainty that our present media today is by all accounts a mammoth bazaar that centers just around unimportant issues and looks for just high evaluations. Maybe, a media source that really isn't centered around getting evaluations or pushing particular plans on Americans could be the appropriate response. Most news sources today appear to lack of engagement numerous Americans with ex ploded stories, and every station political belief systems. Making a station with no inclination, giving direct data to the individuals about main problems in this nation could produce more enthusiasm for our country’s politics.Television can contact a bigger number of individuals than some other source on the planet, why not use it to arrive at the social clamor in America? also, be an answer instead of the issue. All in all, Putnam’s paper offers a non-predisposition verifiable record of a developing issue that people in the future may confront. There is no unmistakable answer for this discussion, what is clear however, be that as it may, is the hugeness of this issue. To illuminate this, it will take numerous arrangements and factors. Counter patterns have demonstrated what lies ahead, new social gatherings must take the incomparability and give it power. The most effective method to refer to Bowling Alone, Papers

Taxation - Theory - Practice & Law Net Capital Gain Pirchases

Question: Examine about the Taxation, Theory, Practice Law for Net Capital Gain Pirchases. Answer: Presentation Investigation of Freds in general net capital addition covering the different related exchanges, noted after his association in the acquisition of his vacation house, in the principle worry of this report. The idea of by and large net addition and overal deficit is comprehend by learning the significance of required laws of computation from this examination. Fred, the case of study in this report, requests the comprehension of law as the home capacities, improvement, and remodel goes under the Australians law of government methodologies which even incorporates other tax assessment laws according to the Income Tax Assessment Act of 1977. Calculation is finished by this. On worry of net capital addition and loss of Fred .the clarification to set the capital shortfall/gain is additionally related by assessing and breaking down the different statistical data points by and by from the report. Here it is essential to take note of that, there are exchanges that don't follow the computationa l technique for capital research. The term calculation is basic to comprehend as the ideas of net capital increase/deficit and superannuation receives the calculation usefulness (Graetz Schenk, 2009). Each format is fundamentally founded on the calculation apparatus. Calculation definition subsequently is depicted by different duty and law researchers with every definition conveying explicit application for various purposes and circumstance. The way toward aggregating or assembling assets from the individuals to give them at the time retirement is called superannuation (Wright, 1970). Freds capital increase count Calculation Of Capital Gain For FRED For The Year Ended On 30 June Points of interest Sum (in$) Aggregate sum (in $) Include: #Proceeds of selling occasion home in the present year 800,000.00 Less: Cost Base of occasion home in 1987 100,000.00 700,000.00 Less: All out legitimate charges 2100.00 697900.00 Include: Cost base of carport 20,000 717900.00 Less: Cost of carport after indexation 20000*123.4/71.3 34,614.30 683,285.70 Less: Operator commission 9900.00) 673,385.70 Less: Stamp obligation payable on obtaining (2000.00) 671,385.70 Less: Earlier Year Capital Loss Deduction (10,000.00) All out capital increase 661,385.70 Less: half rebate for utilizing property for over a year (330692.85) Net capital increase 330692.85 Special cases and exclusions: Scarcely any qualities or exchanges are there which don't rely upon the capital addition or misfortune, as talked about prior in this report. Consequently, various models are there for getting an unmistakable insights concerning these qualities. For example, repayment mentioned if there should arise an occurrence of any injury or disease, required resources preceding twentieth Sep 1985, individuals having $10,000 or progressively close to home resource. Things which can't be included in capital addition or misfortune are vehicles, vehicles or bikes, and is viewed as shameful whenever claimed for $10,000 or less (Bittker Rahdert, 1976). Things like work of art assortment of $500 or less don't go under calculation, and family homes separated from the genuine house are not many different models. What will be the appropriate response if there is an offer of an old fashioned container? In the event that a misfortune is acquired because of the selling of an antique jar by Fred, in my view, I would state that he endured a tremendous misfortune. This can be said in light of the fact that the deficit endured because of its deduction is gotten from the selling of the offers, that Fred proposed to utilize it by and by, hence his net capital is higher than $10,000 (Nethercott, Richardson Devos, 2016). A general examination on the incidental advantages and incidental advantages charge Duty is an aftereffect of incidental advantage that helps in setting the presentation just as the significance of the investigation of incidental advantage. Incidental advantages covers the extra advantage that expands the compensation of the staffs. Financed feast, organization vehicle, medical coverage and more are the unmistakable models. As indicated by managers, it is a free accomplice and temporary worker that is there between two representatives in which, in scarcely any circumstances, they are liberated from the charges. For e.g., the reasonable market cost is incorporated for every one of those get incidental advantage charge, in that year. It is gainful for the workers family and the colleagues as well (Woellner, 2014). This sum gets added to the compensation bundle. Incidental advantage, not at all like the annual expense, is surveyed each year from first April to 31st March and is controlled by the Australian Fringe Benefit Tax Act, 1988, in Australia. It is ordered into various areas: Cost installment incidental advantages Obligation waiver incidental advantages Lodging incidental advantages Credit incidental advantages Vehicle leaving incidental advantages Board incidental advantages Living ceaselessly from home recompense incidental advantages Lingering incidental advantages Property incidental advantages including the products, property or offers Living ceaselessly from home incidental advantages Living endlessly from home (LAFTA), is the stipend which is given if there should arise an occurrence of avoiding the genuine living house. For this situation, the representative gets hardly any advantages from the business for avoiding their home for some close to home obligations (Walton, 1995). Be that as it may, now and again methodologies additionally observe not many disservices. Property incidental advantages Under this advantage the business gives a property to the representative at a much limited rate, this is a similar case in Emmas circumstance. A bath costs $1,300 to Emma which is regularly accessible at $2,600 in the market. Subsequently, the organization gives a markdown of half to Emma. Board Fringe Benefits The days feast just as convenience is given as board incidental advantage to the workers (Blum Kalven, 1978). Lodging incidental advantages In this, the representative is given the privilege on settlement and lease or permit. A private right is given to the worker on the grounds that the whole unit is allowed by the system (Blum Kalven, 1978). Obligation waiver incidental advantages This advantage empowers a business to let the worker off from paying the obligation. Vehicle leaving incidental advantage This advantage can be used in different circumstances. For e.g., in the event that a vehicle is left in the businesses zone or in the event that the leaving is past the time allotment for example when 7am and 7pm, if the vehicle is left in the work environment of the worker, a business region is accessible in a range of 1km work territory, or on the off chance that the representative deals with the vehicle (Surrey, 1972). Vehicle incidental advantage The worker gets the vehicle which was leased for an individual use or as their own advantage as the vehicle incidental advantage. Cost incidental advantage Here, the representatives is given some sum for paying to an outsider. On the off chance that, this installment isn't made, the worker is liable or he/she should reward. Emma gets the bit of leeway from the incidental advantage from the remuneration for the vehicle and thus qualifies the costs from it (Paul, 1954). Credit incidental advantages In this, the representatives are given credit on a lower loan cost than what is regularly offered by all the banks. Emma got the measure of $5,00,000 at a loan fee of 4.5% that is less that than the premium charged by the banks. As FBT is taken, this is 47% (Dubert Merrill, 2001). FBT ramifications for the organization According to the FBTA, s 7 arrangements the vehicle is considered as an incidental advantage and Emma gets it for utilizing it by and by. In light of the cost, methodologies and other extra data, the sacred strategies are utilized here: Available worth = (0.2 * $33,000 x 330/365) = $5,967 Base worth = vehicles cost The vehicle was given as an incidental advantage for 330 days (it is considered for yearly fixes and furthermore can't be utilized actually. Openness of the vehicle until Emma offers it to her worker, left at air terminal (Lind, 2005). No beneficiary is gotten by Emma for the repayment of the costs. Emmas engine vehicle costs reimbursement This isn't thought about under FTBA, s 53; be that as it may, is adjusted for the cost installment periphery. $500,000 Loan An advance arrangement is an advance incidental advantage: FBTAA, Div 4 Available worth = $500,000 x (5.95% - 4.45%) x (212/365) = $4,356 NB: Because the advance isn't spent as an assessable salary for procuring, there is no decrease for charge under deductible guideline (Gilders et. al., 2015). Baths buying cost $1,300 Periwinkle sells baths under their conventional field-tested strategy: FBTA, Division 11 since they are a house periphery property. The baths available worth is diminished by $1,300 for beneficiaries installment of $650. Periwinkle delivers and disperses baths to the clients as a common course business, in this manner the available sum is 75% of $2,600 = $1,950. This is viewed as the least expense at which it is offered to the clients (Kerwin Furlong, 1994). As the bath is a house incidental advantage, the sum which is available is brought down beneath s62 FTBA mulling over that Emma doesn't have some other in-house advantage that year. At the point when the available sum is deducted from each incidental advantage, it gets important to derive Type 1/Type 2 assertion of the incidental advantage. Vehicle = Type 1 incidental advantage (in light of the fact that the sum is complete with GST and speculation is done about Periwinkle being unhindered to enter charge credits) Advance = Type 2 incidental advantage (it is a budgetary flexibly; subsequently no GST is appropriate) Accept that available estimation of bath is diminished to 0. Incidental advantages available sum = ($5,967x 2.0802) + ($4,356x 1.8868) = $12,413+ $8,219 = $20,632. Risk of Fringe benefits charge = 47% x $20,632 = $9,697 Along these lines, Periwinkle should pay $9,697 FBT according to the above things. What will be the appropriate response if Emma buys the offers without anyone else? For this the appropriate response may contrast. On the off chance that all the offers are purchased by Emma by the credit o

Best Cloud Storage For Volkswagen Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Examine about the Best Cloud Storage For Volkswagen. Answer: Presentation Distributed computing is alluded as conveyance of facilitated benefits over the web which empowers partnerships to utilize figuring assets, for example, stockpiling, application, or a virtual machine like an utility, for example, power. While utilizing distributed computing, ventures didn't need to assemble and keep up a processing framework in-house (Armbrust, et al., 2010). This report will examine the critical highlights that are important to be thought of while choosing a kind of distributed storage. This report will expand administrations that are offered by distributed storage suppliers and think about the properties of open, private and crossover distributed storage. Further, the report will analyze which is the best distributed storage for Volkswagen and assess the advantages and difficulties of utilizing distributed storage by partnerships. Significant Features for Selecting Cloud Storage Following are critical highlights that are important to be considered by organizations while choosing an appropriate sort of distributed storage. Cost: The expense commonly connected with execution and highlights which by a Cloud Service Provider (CSP). For instance, high-inertness stockpiling is a less expensive choice than low-dormancy stockpiling for organizations (Zhang, Cheng Boutaba, 2010). Hazard evaluation: Physical information stockpiling incorporate various dangers, for example, power disturbances, equipment disappointment, and questions with merchants. Online reinforcement mitigates dangers of business or specialized issues. In this manner, organizations are required to evaluate their dangers before choosing a reasonable distributed storage supplier. Security: Use of distributed storage expands the danger of digital assault which builds the speculation of organizations in security information. Reconciliation with different applications: Organizations need to comprehend various combinations focuses and how a distributed storage supplier will coordinate it with different applications. Administration Level Agreements (SLA): A SLA incorporates various terms and punishment provisos for non-conveyance of administrations by a distributed storage supplier. The organizations ought to guarantee that SLA incorporates various statements which guarantee effectiveness in information use (Wu Buyya, 2012). Choosing right supplier: The quantity of CSPs is high which incorporate market pioneers, for example, Google Cloud Platform, Amazon Web Services (AWS) and Microsoft Azure. In this way, associations ought to assess unwavering quality and evaluating of every player before choosing the most appropriate one for them. Administrations offered by Cloud Storage Providers and Examples Following are various administrations which are offered by CSPs alongside instances of each help. Foundation as a Service (IaaS) It gives virtualised processing assets to organizations through the web. It offers access to urgent web engineering which incorporates servers, associations, extra room with the prerequisite of organizations to buy or deal with the foundation (Bhardwaj, Jain, 2010). A genuine case of IaaS is Amazon EC2 which gives secure and resizable figuring limit of the cloud to companies, and it makes web-scale distributed computing simpler for designers (Amazon, 2018). Stage as a Service (PaaS) On the off chance that the cloud offers administrations of an advancement stage to engineers which incorporate administrations, for example, web server, programming language execution condition, database and working framework, it is known as PaaS (Beimborn, Miletzki Wenzel, 2011). The Example of PaaS incorporates Google App Engine which helps creating in building portable applications and present day web on an open cloud stage (Google, 2018). Programming as a Service (SaaS) It is alluded as a product dissemination model that empowers outsider suppliers to have their applications and to make them accessible to their clients over the web. It kills the requirement for organizations to introduce and run the projects or applications on their PCs or overseeing them from their server farms. Utilization of SaaS kills different costs identifying with equipment, procurement, upkeep, and provisioning, alongside programming establishment, support and permitting (Wohl, 2010). The case of SaaS model is Gmail which is a free online email administration gave by Google to its clients which empower them to send messages, search explicit messages, make a conversational string, programmed association of messages and others. Examination between Public, Private and Hybrid Cloud Storage Open Cloud Private Cloud Cross breed Cloud Tenure Information of different organizations put away in a common domain. Just a solitary partnerships information is put away. Open cloud stores information in shared condition while private cloud information is kept hidden by a firm (Goyal, 2014). Presented to open Anybody can access and utilize the information. Just the organization has the entrance. Administrations utilizing open cloud can be gotten to by anybody though applications on private cloud must be gotten to by the firm. Equipment Components CSPs give and keep up the equipment. Organizations have their own executives for cloud the board. Private cloud is overseen by the firm while open cloud is overseen by specialist organizations (Jadeja Modi, 2012). Costs CSPs bear costs identifying with equipment, upkeep, set-up application, and system availability according to SLA. Increasingly costly as costs bear by the firm itself. Private cloud costs are overseen by the organization though CSPs oversee open cloud costs. Best Cloud Storage for Volkswagen Volkswagen is a German automobile maker organization which offer its administration around the world. The best distributed storage alternative for Volkswagen is SaaS. Utilization of SaaS can improve gracefully chain activities of the firm, for example, provider synchronization, propelled delivering sees, lessening the executives cost, and others. Volkswagen can computerize its flexibly chain works by causing a SaaS application to can encourage administrations, for example, sending robotized requests to providers, sending items to circulation focuses, improved correspondence which prompts better cooperation and others. Advantages and Challenges of utilizing Cloud Storage Advantages Cost proficiency Worldwide access to information Diminished help and equipment needs Greener choice than contrasted with customary IT foundation Difficulties Danger of digital assault and accessibility of information The requirement for solid and quick web access Trouble in change the board since prepared workers required End Taking everything into account, distributed computing is alluded as an act of utilizing a system of remote server that is facilitated on the web for performing different administrations, for example, overseeing, putting away, and handling information, rather than utilizing neighborhood servers. Before picking a cloud specialist organization, organizations ought to consider factors, for example, cost, chance evaluation, SLA, right supplier and others. The upsides of distributed computing incorporate cost effectiveness, worldwide access, greener choice and diminished help and equipment needs. The difficulties incorporate danger of digital assault and accessibility of information, reliance on solid web, and trouble in change the executives. Associations ought to assess these components before putting resources into distributed computing innovation which improves their tasks and continues their future development. References Amazon. (2018). Amazon EC2. Recovered from https://aws.amazon.com/ec2/ Armbrust, M., Fox, A., Griffith, R., Joseph, A. D., Katz, R., Konwinski, A., ... Zaharia, M. (2010). A perspective on cloud computing.Communications of the ACM,53(4), 50-58. Beimborn, D., Miletzki, T., Wenzel, S. (2011). Stage as a help (PaaS).Business Information Systems Engineering,3(6), 381-384. Bhardwaj, S., Jain, L., Jain, S. (2010). Distributed computing: An investigation of foundation as an assistance (IAAS).International Journal of designing and data Technology,2(1), 60-63. Google. (2018). Google App Engine. Recovered from https://cloud.google.com/appengine/ Goyal, S. (2014). Open versus private versus half and half versus network distributed computing: A basic review.International Journal of Computer Network and Information Security,6(3), 20. Jadeja, Y., Modi, K. (2012). Distributed computing ideas, engineering and difficulties. InComputing, Electronics and Electrical Technologies (ICCEET), 2012 International Conference on(pp. 877-880). IEEE. Wohl, A. (2010). Programming as a Service (SaaS).The Next Wave of Technologies: Opportunities from Chaos, 97-113. Wu, L., Buyya, R. (2012). Administration level understanding (sla) in utility registering systems.IGI Global,15. Zhang, Q., Cheng, L., Boutaba, R. (2010). Distributed computing: best in class and research challenges.Journal of internet providers and applications,1(1), 7-18.

Avoiding Triggers With Borderline Personality Disorder

Avoiding Triggers With Borderline Personality Disorder More in BPD Living With BPD Diagnosis Treatment Related Conditions We know that with  borderline personality disorder (BPD), symptoms are often made worse by certain situations, people, or events. For example, many people with BPD find that their symptoms are triggered by criticism from loved ones, reminders of traumatic events, or perceived episodes of abandonment or rejection. These memories or actions can bring on symptoms  of BPD, such as extreme emotional reactions and poor impulse control. Avoiding Triggers One strategy you can use to manage your BPD symptoms is to avoid triggers altogether. This is often recommended in the early stages of BPD treatment plans as you begin to get a handle on your symptoms. Avoiding triggers can be an important step to get you more stabilized while you learn essential coping skills during therapy. By staying away from things that set off your symptoms, you have time to practice your skills in situations that are low risk for you. If you jump into trigger situations before you have a solid foundation from therapy, you are likely  to be unprepared to handle them and will likely experience your usual BPD symptoms or outbursts. Understanding Triggers BPD triggers  are situations, people, or events that can worsen your BPD symptoms. While specific BPD triggers vary from person to person, there are some that are very common. They can be either external, happening in the world around you, or internal, occurring only in your thoughts. The things that trigger you will depend on your history. For example, if you experienced abuse as a child, things that could bring those memories to the forefront might include a news report of child abuse, an article in the paper, or even a movie. Identifying Your Triggers If you havent done so previously, take a moment to learn  how to identify your BPD triggers. If youre not sure where to start, try to think of times in the recent past when you felt intense emotion, impulsivity, or felt a desire to self-harm. Then look back to the events that preceded the emotion. Therapists often recommend writing down a list of triggers, followed by the emotion they triggered, and the reaction you had to that emotion. How to Avoid Triggers With BPD Early on in treatment, it may help to design your life in a way in which you can minimize triggers. Some people find that they need to eliminate watching the news from their day, and possibly eliminate many forms of media in general. If there are people in your life who trigger you, you may need to go low contact or no contact while you work through the initial stages of your BPD. There are some triggers that your therapist may recommend you continue to avoid even later into your  treatment plan. If a certain movie scene reminds you of a traumatic childhood event, theres no point in watching it or forcing yourself through it; it will only cause unnecessary pain. From movies to sad songs, these are the types of small triggers you can avoid without disrupting your life. Other Strategies for Coping Avoiding triggers is not always possible or even advisable, and therefore learning other ways to  cope with BPD triggers  is important as well. Avoiding triggers is only one option for your recovery and not a long-term solution for every trigger. While it can be extremely helpful as you begin to work with a therapist,  you need to exercise this strategy in moderation. Avoiding triggers can be very useful when the trigger you are avoiding is predictable and avoiding it doesnt limit your life in significant ways. But if the trigger is unpredictable or involves very large parts of your life, avoiding it isnt realistic or sustainable. For example, many people with BPD are triggered by conflict in their relationships. The only way to avoid conflict in relationships completely, however, is to have no relationships at all, since conflict is an inevitable part of all relationships. Unfortunately, many people with BPD find themselves pushing away loved ones for this very reason; they may become avoidant of relationships altogether in order to avoid exacerbating their symptoms. This strategy doesnt work. It only makes feelings of rejection and loneliness worse, bringing on severe symptoms. Find Support With the 9 Best Online Therapy Programs Deciding How to Handle Triggers Its important to work with your therapist or doctor when deciding how to handle triggers. He or she will help you navigate whether or not its practical to avoid them. If avoiding a trigger will disrupt your life in some way, such as keeping you from going to work or ignoring your partner, avoidance isnt a viable option for you. Your therapist will instead help you find another way to cope with the trigger, such as developing a trigger action plan. Bottom Line Triggers can set off or exacerbate the symptoms of borderline personality disorder. If youre living with BPD, learning to identify those triggers is an important part of managing your symptoms. Avoiding triggers can sometimes be helpful, especially early on when youre learning to navigate your condition. With time, however, other methods of coping with triggers become very important in order to develop and improve your relationships with others.

Police And Police A New Criminal Justice System

This essay will start by identifying the history of the police and when did the term ‘new police’ have been established notifying the beginning of a new criminal justice system. It will than discuss how far is the new police witnessing more sophisticated era in responding to crime. The techniques the police follow to fight crime could be divided into two section. The first section is the traditional approaches and that include random patrol and response, Stop and search, investigation and detection, intensive enforcement or zero deterrence (Khrn, 2013) .The other section is the developed approaches which term ‘targeted policing’ and that include hotspots policing, tackling repeat victimisation, focused deterrence (Khrn,2013).However, this essay we will only be discuss random patrol ,stop and search ,hotspots policing and focused deterrence. It will also identify some of the advantages and disadvantages of these mechanisms and to what extent they are function al and how they could be developed. To be able to understand the developments of police and policing it is better to define each concept so we can distinguish between each concept. Policing is a set of tasks necessary to maintain social order and could be carried by person or institution ,while the ‘police’ is one example of social institution organized by the state to formally carry the task policing (McLaughlin Muncie, 2013:319).However, The development of the police relate strongly to the development of the stateShow MoreRelatedThe Concepts Of A New Criminal Justice System1695 Words   |  7 Pageswill examine the concepts of a new criminal justice. It will also discuss why the concept requires the involvement of the entire community and why it may be difficult to implement. There will also be information on programs that promote safe neighborhoods and why communities may like and dislike these different programs. A new criminal justice is a theory that has been talked about for plenty of years now. In many cases this theory is to improve the criminal justice system and make it better for notRead MoreCriminal Justice System1524 Words   |  7 Pagesfor the Criminal Justice System is to reduce the crime and the fire of crime. In order to achieve this it is using different agencies and the major of them are the Police, Prosecution, Courts, Prisons and Probation. They all are operating in synchrony for achieving their legal responsibilities and particularly for reducing the level of crime. The aim of this essay specifically is to discuss the functions of the police and how they actually fit with the objectives of the Criminal Justice System as aRead MoreAdministrator Challenges Essay1182 Words   |  5 Pagesthe criminal justice administration in the police department. I will also describe what I consider being the major issues and satisfactions of that particular role. Finally, I will discuss if this course helped prepare me? If not, what might improve the course? To understand and comprehend what a criminal justice administrator job functions are we must first define these two words Criminal Justice, Administrator of Criminal Justice and Police Administrator. Criminal Justice – Is the system of lawRead MorePolice Discrimination And Disregard For The Criminal Justice System Essay1501 Words   |  7 PagesI believe that police discrimination and disregard for the Criminal Justice System is on the rise due to the fact the crime is on the rise and people wish to have an excuse to get away with it. One of the biggest cases of discrimination in the United States of America is discrimination against our police officers and our Criminal Justice System. In this paper, I hope to refute accusations against our officers and the criminal justice system and to call people to have a greater appreciation and supportiveRead MoreCriminology : Crime And Crime1410 Words   |  6 PagesCriminology is defined by the book Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, which was written by author Dr. Frank Schmalleger, Ph.D., as â€Å"the scientific study of the causes and prevention of crime and the rehabilitation and punishment of offenders† (Schmalle ger, 2006, p. 20). People look at criminology in a big concept of criminal prevention but criminology in itself carries a wide variety of functions in treating crime and providing punishment to those who commit crimes. Crime increases when theRead MoreEssay on Criminal Justice Trends Evaluation1584 Words   |  7 PagesCriminal Justice Trends Evaluation Paper Jerry J Lynch Jr February 20, 2012 CJA/394 - Contemporary Issues and Futures in Criminal Justice Darren Gil, Faculty University of Phoenix Criminal Justice Trends Evaluation The criminal justice field is an ever evolving field. As today’s technology changes so does the way the criminal justice field interacts with that technology. As our society changes the technology that we use will also be altered to fit the situation. The barriersRead MoreCriminal Justice1385 Words   |  6 PagesCriminal Justice Trends Criminal justice Criminal Justice Trends Criminal justice field is growing every day. It grows with the help of technology and society. When the technology evolves and society grows the criminal justice has to evolve and grow to fit the society needs. Whether it is an easy or hard change the criminal justice system never fails us. With any state the criminal justice system is to protect and serve the community so the more it evolves the more the system has to. The followingRead MoreOrganizational Theory671 Words   |  3 PagesGil Southern University at New Orleans Abstract I will discuss the basis of an organizational theory as it applies to the criminal justice system. I am discussing and giving a clear understanding of the criminal justice system as an organization of a bureaucratic management system with hierarchies and processes of inputs, processes, and outputs within one aspect of the criminal justice system i.e. police, within one city. I will also discuss how New Orleans Police Department was created throughoutRead MoreThe New South Wale s Criminal Justice System1265 Words   |  6 PagesThe New South Wale’s criminal justice system aims to meet the needs of its society through its role in maintaining fairness, justice and equality. However, many flaws and faults still exist in the system that does not always result in the most beneficial outcome for the whole community. From the inappropriate use of a jury in the criminal trial process, the misuse of powers from law enforcement agencies such as the police and the unfair bail conditions for young offenders, it can be seen that theRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System1597 Words   |  7 PagesThe purpose of the criminal justice system is explained by three definitions: Control crime, Prevent crime, and provide and maintain justice. This sense of criminal justice has been the same since pre-civilized communities, where the elders of a tribe enforced the laws of the village. The criminal justice system has changed drastically from the times of kinship systems to today’s system of laws. As time has passed criminal justice has change in many ways, for example: the way they dress, arrest,

The New Hope Antipoverty Program Essay - 1501 Words

The New Hope Antipoverty Program â€Å"If you work, you should not be poor† (Duncan 1). This quote is essentially the theme of the book, Higher Ground: New Hope for the Working Poor and Their Children, as well as the motivation of the founders of the New Hope Antipoverty Program. This experimental program was implemented in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1994. The goal of the program was to help low skilled and low-wage working individuals whom did not receive all the benefits they deserved because of their low incomes. One thousand three hundred and fifty-seven low-income adults, living in the two poorest neighborhoods of that city, volunteered to take part in the study to see how effective this experimental program would be. The participants were all randomly assigned, and half of them would receive the New Hope benefits while the other half served as a control group that would not receive the benefits. These benefits included earning supplements, subsidized childcare, and subsidiz ed health care to anyone who would work weekly, full time (thirty hours per week). If you could not find a job, the program offered community service jobs for up to six months, paying minimum wage (Duncan 3-4, 12). The study lasted for three years and the results were tremendously encouraging. The MDRC concluded in their evaluation that, â€Å"Overall, New Hope increased employment and earnings, leading in turn to increased income...and enabling more low-income workers to earn their way out of poverty†¦New HopeShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Poverty On Children1554 Words   |  7 Pageswith a slightly different focus. In a paper discussing the effects of antipoverty programs on children’s cumulative levels of poverty-related risk (Gassman-Pines and Yoshikawa, 2006), the conclusion reached was that overall reduction in the cumulative effects of poverty was much more important than any individual risk factor. This paper acknowledged much previous research in presenting analy tical statistics, based upon New Hope and MFIP samples, confirming that the greater the cumulative effects ofRead MoreEffects Of Poverty On Children1553 Words   |  7 Pageswith a slightly different focus. In a paper discussing the effects of antipoverty programs on children’s cumulative levels of poverty-related risk (Gassman-Pines and Yoshikawa, 2006), the conclusion reached was that overall reduction in the cumulative effects of poverty was much more important than any individual risk factor. This paper acknowledged much previous research in presenting analytical statistics, based upon New Hope and MFIP samples, confirming that the greater the cumulative effects ofRead MoreEffects of Poverty on Children: Literature Review Essay1352 Words   |  6 Pageswith a slightly different focus. In a paper discussing the effects of antipoverty programs on children’s cumulative levels of poverty-related risk (Gassman-Pines and Yoshikawa, 2006), the conclusion reached was tha t overall reduction in the cumulative effects of poverty was much more important than any individual risk factor. This paper acknowledged much previous research in presenting analytical statistics, based upon New Hope and MFIP samples, confirming that the greater the cumulative effects ofRead MorePoverty : The Greatest Tragedy Of Life1805 Words   |  8 Pagesthe minimum wage would be a good start in the right direction. A large amount of people who are affected by the poverty epidemic are single mothers and single fathers. Struggling to make ends meet with their children watching has become Americas’ new normal not like years past. Statistics show that single females seem to have it the worst part of the poverty epidemic in America. Women still get paid .78 cents to every dollar ($1.00) that her male counterparts gets payed, Closing the gender wageRead MorePersuasive Essay : Profiting From A Child s Illiteracy 1345 Words   |  6 Pagesshocking facts which excite and even anger the audience. There are many issues in our society that when mentioned make us want immediate action. An example of this is anything dealing with children. Nicholas Kristof is the author of the December 7th, 2012 New York Times article entitled â€Å"Profiting From a Child’s Illiteracy.† In the article, Kristof covers the controversial topic of parents purposefully pulling their children out of sch ool in order to collect a monthly disability check, therefore, renderingRead MorePoverty Is A National Epidemic That Plagues Americans Across The Country Essay1531 Words   |  7 Pagesdecision of whether to buy toothpaste, toilet paper, or laundry soap. Which is most important, which will have the largest effect on the outcome of one s life? Could something so small really change a person s ability to survive? Funk Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia states that â€Å"poverty is the economic condition in which people lack sufficient income to obtain certain minimal levels of health services, food, housing, clothing, and education generally recognized as necessary to ensure an adequateRead MoreWelfare Drug Testing Essay example2267 Words   |  10 Pagesall costs. With some trillion dollars owed to various foreign countries, the United States literally cannot afford to pump money into programs that do not benefit the country as a whole. Michael Tanner, who is the Director of Healt h and Welfare studies at the Cato Institute, reports that this year the Federal government will spend 952,000,000,000 dollars on programs to help the poor (10). While some of this money goes to people who truly need it, there are many people that take advantage of the kindnessRead MoreThe World Of The Xxi Century Associated With The United States1326 Words   |  6 PagesStates. Without enough amount of cash, people can afford to eat basic food, and they become living in poverty. On the other hand, cultural definition define life without money, lifestyle, and cultural values. For example, people need to life with hope, with somebody by their side with love and happiness. Without those attributes, people’s lives become hopelessness with feeling of isolation (225). Therefore, the economic definition of poverty include two categories: absolute and relative definitionRead MoreGenerational Poverty Essay1694 Words   |  7 Pagesmanufacturing jobs has resulted in many folks going back to generational poverty. In a lot of cases, there are a growth of new jobs but these jobs tends to come with low pay and no benefits, which can further prevent breaking out of the cycle poverty. Also, multiple income based antipoverty programs can have a negative impact of work incentives. This is due to the fact these programs have to be funded with funds that could be used to pay workers to help them overcome poverty. The fourth complex factorRead MorePaper2223 Words   |  9 Pageswho had threatened a similar march, it was the largest public demonstration in the nation’s history at that time. Calls for the passage of a civil rights bill pending before Congress took center stage. The march’s goals also included a public-works program to reduce unem ployment, an increase in the minimum wage, and a law barring discrimination in employment. Q2. In what ways were President Kennedy’s foreign policy decisions shaped by Cold War ideology? Like his predecessors, Kennedy viewed the entire

Life, Death and Suny Application Essay Topics

Life, Death and Suny Application Essay Topics What You Don't Know About Suny Application Essay Topics If you're authentic, nobody can write the exact essay as you! There's no one best approach to compose the college entrance essay. If you choose you need to speak about one of the cliche essay topics mentioned previously, a very good method to tell a more prevalent story is to concentrate on one specific moment and build from that point. In general, there's no single correct topic. Developing very good writing skills are able to help you go a ways in churning out a career in professional writing. Let's work out how to compose an essay that will stick out among the other students' submissions. If you're looking for top essay writing companies, try out the mentioned above. There are several essay writing services that think they're the very best, and therefore don't be cheated and check the legitimate collection of the very best. You're writing a college application essay, and you must know about your audience. Writing in college often requires the shape of persuasionconvincing others that you've got an interesting, logical viewpoint on the subject you're studying the matter, or topic, of an essay may be world war ii or moby dick a thesis must. There are not many important points an assessor looks into when he's analyzing an essay. It is essential that you establish the subject of the essay initially and then let it flow the standard course by using metaphors, symbolic moments, or important incidents to relate to the general story. All you have to do is specify if you want your essay to be delivered. Two new essay options are added, and a number of the previous questions are revised. Your solution shouldn't be a book report. Who knowsthe reply to that question may be the foundation for your admission essay. There might be personal information which you want considered as a member of your admissions application. Keep in mind that the Common App provides you with creative license. Try to experience the site, read student experiences or even pay a visit to the school possible to recognize unique facets of the school which resonate with you. You desire the admissions officer to find that you're worthy of being admitted to their school. College will change you. Colleges are more inclined to admit students who can articulate certain explanations for why the school is a great fit about them beyond its reputation or ranking on any list. Picture a tale you'd be interested in analysis. Identifying all the essays you must write as part of your college application procedure will make it far easier that you discover what you ought to be sharing with admissions officers and where you need to be sharing it. Enhancing your writing skills is among the most significant things you can do in order to prepare for college applications. The 30-Second Trick for Suny Application Essay Topics One of the most difficult elements of college life is finances. At the exact same time, you are going to impress the college admissions folks greatly if it's possible to present your capacity to learn from your failures and mistakes. Preparation for college needs a lot of patience and good deal of imagination. Also, try to remember that no college is eager to admit a person who is too close-minded to gain from being taught by other people. Unfortunately, stumbling in the TMI zone of essay topics is more prevalent than you believe. 1 approach to get started coming up with interesting suggestions for your Common App essay is to take a look at the instructions. Some undesirable topics show admissions officers which you don't have a superior awareness of judgment or maturity, which is a problem as they are building a category of college students who have in order to manage independent life on campus. From time to time, even when you're writing about an interesting, relevant subject, you can nonetheless appear immature or unready for college life due to the manner in which you present that topic the way you truly write your own personal statement. Facts, Fiction and Suny Application Essay Topics Clients are definitely the most important portion of our work. Our professionals are readily available to personalize your topic to the particular application requirements. The I-20 form is just one of several documents you ha ve to make an application for a student visa. More frequently than not, deadlines for submitting applications are almost always short which makes many possible applicants worry they will be unable to submit their sample essay for MBA application punctually.

Taking a Look at Expedia Inc. - 885 Words

1. Expedia.Inc is a travel website company which is localized in 29 countries with the headquarters in Bellevue. The American based company is the parent company of numerous travel brands including the Expedia.com. The website books the travel tickets, vacation packages, hotel reservations and a lot more services for its customers through the internet based tools and telephone. Expedia.Com was founded in 1996 as the division of Microsoft and further developed into the Current form of Expedia.Com. The travel brands that are working under Expedia. Inc are eLong.com, classic vacations, Expedia, Hotels.com, Egencia, Expedia Local Expert, Hotwire Group and Vebere.com. It was created by the Rich Barton and Lloyd Frink and can be utilized by almost every country around the globe. (Inside Expedia, online) The online travel agency is one of the leading travel companies which is working online. The Expedia.Com offers the customers plans and services to travel around the world and to reserve the places of their choice. Expedia is currently working through Facebook, mobile apps and website offering the customers to find out new travel destinations, ideas and information about the hotels, flights and car rentals. The website also offers to book their flights and purchase the travel to travel to their destinations. Expedia are constantly looking for new travel destinations, hotels and flights for the customers and offer their best services anywhere in the world. The website is speciallyShow MoreRelatedExpedia, Marketing Strategy5964 Words   |  24 PagesTargeting 8 3.7 Choice of Positioning 9 3.8 Marketing Strategy 10 4. Conclusion 16 5. References/Bibliography 17 2 1. Introduction This paper has been produced for the Marketing course and deals with the company profile of Expedia, Inc and its marketing strategy. 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These elements include: physical evidence, people and process elements of service mechanisms (Bitner, 1990). Results from the customer reviews analysed found that 96% of reviewers on Expedia would recommend the hotel to others, whereas 91% of TripAdvisor reviewers gave it an above average rating. The main positively perceived factor by customers was the location of the hotel. However, many key service failures and complications haveRead MoreThe Marketing Strategy Of Amazon.com, Inc. Essay1742 Words   |  7 PagesAmazon.com, Inc. extended amid the late 1990s to offer the World s Biggest Selection of books, CDs, recordings, DVDs, hardware, toys, devices, home decorations and housewares, clothing, and kitchen contraptions (Funding Universe, 2016). 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In this paper, the company Dollar Thrifty Automotive Group, Inc., will be analyzed as a strategic plan is presented in regards to growing the business over the next three years. Also, a plan for the measurement of the acting strategic plans success will be laid out as well. Overall, it will be shown that DTAG canRead MoreMotivation in the Work Place1905 Words   |  8 Pagesproductive performance but also show employees the company cares When flying off into the sunset or anywhere airline prices was at a reasonable rate. One of the great benefits within the travel and tourism industry is having instant database access to look for good deals when vacationing. When people in the travel industry realized the potential of the internet to reach the public their eyes lit up. The internet was a wonderful way to get information to travelers all over the world. 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Equipment Life Cycles 6 b) Security 6 c) No Internal VoIP 6 d) Inability to Switch to Telecommute Employees 6 e) Turnover Rate 6 f) E-Commerce 6 g) Reducing Infrastructure Costs 7 h) Call-Volume Efficiency 7 IV. Requirements Definition 7 a) Project Goals and Objectives 7 b) Project

Creating market value for consumers Free Essays

The plan is for the creation of an ethnic Arabian/ Middle Eastern restaurant offering entertainment programs in Fairfield County, Connecticut. Arabian Nights is a trendy new ethnic restaurant located in Fairfield, Connecticut. The emphasis of the restaurant is going to be Oriental cuisine, with up-to-date and traditional recipes. We will write a custom essay sample on Creating market value for consumers or any similar topic only for you Order Now Besides, Arabian Nights will offer regular simple dishes for the companions of the consumers who for some reason are not attracted by the rich and spicy Oriental food. The restaurant will also offer evening shows featuring costume displays, fashion shows, dancing, and singing so that customers could taste a flavor of the Orient. In our opinion, the market need for the creation of this product is conditioned by the relative scarcity of ethnic cuisine offerings in the vicinity of Fairfiled, CT. The area also misses rich entertainment possibilities. The interest in ethnic foods surges in the US market as people are increasingly dining out and their tastes shift towards gourmet cuisine. Bakers’ Dozen report on food service trends for 2004 cites the trend for original ethnic foods as one of the most important for the year. The authors of the study believe that the original recipes will increasingly replace â€Å"mall ethnic fare† that is typically â€Å"Americanized version of ethnic food† (Bakers’ Dozen 2004). As one can see from the Megasite Guide to Dining, Fairfield county restaurant owners offer their customers predominantly uniform meal styles, flavored by some intermittent Chinese, Japanese and European ethnic cuisines (Megasite Guide to Dining). In part this is conditioned by the relative lack of ethnic diversity in the area cited by the participants of the high school focus group (Long Range Plan 2001-2006). Arabian Nights will be the first restaurant in the area that will combine eating out with entertainment. The shows will be relatively low-priced as compared to the offerings of the entertainment places like concert halls and theaters ($6-10 per person admission fee on the night of the performance), and will add excitement to the evening out experience. The restaurant will cater both to those who are interested in the Middle Eastern culture and customs and those who have only a fleeting wish to get an exotic meal. The decorations of the interior will feature paintings of the Arabian lifestyle, exquisitely designed modern and ancient maps of the region and a few recipes of the simplest Middle Eastern foods set in trendy frames. In the future, the restaurant will aspire to become the renowned local venue and a community specialty. The focus of the restaurant will be on both food and entertainment. Considering the public’s interest in exotic dishes, Arabian Nights will offer the Oriental food, the area untapped by other fashion restaurants in the vicinity. As today’s public is taking an interest in health diet, the restaurant needs to emphasize the fact that it is using healthy ingredients, and the food is not fattening. The potential customers will include young couples in their 20s and 30s, as well as older public. The potential visitors will be also couples with kids who might take an interest in the show and educational displays in the establishment. The message of the product offerings will be communicated to consumers using various communication channels. The primary vehicle will be advertising including ads in local newspapers, quick commercials on local TV channels, and Internet ads placed on websites on local entertainment and dining opportunities. Besides, the first shows are expected to attract a great deal of publicity that will be supported by the company’s pres releases. The restaurant hoped to achieve publicity also by granting support to the local â€Å"Feed the Hungry† programs. Works Cited Bakers’ Dozen Foodservice Trends: Trends for 2004. Retrieved Jan.12, 2004 from the Hubert Company website: http://www.hubert.com/pdf/hubert-foodservice-trends.pdf Fairfield Public Library. Long Range Plan 2001-2006. Part 9 – Appendix A. Focus Group Results. Retrieved Jan.12, 2004 Megasite Guide to Dining. Current Restaurants, Caterers and Delicatessens. Retrieved Jan.12, 2004 from Megasite Guide to Dining: http://www.culinarymenus.com/current.htm    How to cite Creating market value for consumers, Essay examples

Extreme Heat Events Bureau of Meteorology

Question: Describe about the Extreme Heat Events for Bureau of Meteorology. Answer: 1. A1. Two definition of heatwave Heat wave can be defined as climatic conditions that are generally short term, unpredictable and uncomfortable. The Bureau of meteorology provides a universal definition and it is based on the long term weather analysis that consent the impact of weather instantly preceding the heat wave (Armstrong, 2006). a) Way the definition differ On analyzing the two definition it is observed that the first one define heat wave as short term climatic condition and it is unpredictable and uncomfortable while the second promote the long term weather and how it influence the weather before the heat wave sets in (Le et al., 2006). b) Heat wave definition to be used internationally highlighting merits The definition provided by Bureau of meteorology (BOM) provides a universal definition and it can be used as the international definition and the merit of the definition is it varies with location as it is related with environment and people exposed to the heat wave (Armstrong, 2006). c) Consequences of not having an internationally agreed definition The consequence of not having an internationally agreed definition is both positive and negative. The negative consequence is the global meeting related with heat wave is always confusing with every country following different definition (Villamil et al., 2005). The positive consequence is each country has different environment and the peoples exposure is different so it has to be different. 2. A1. Factors contributing to susceptibility of harm during events of extreme heat The risk of heat stress is greater among the exposed population like old people and homeless people. There has been an excess death among the people aged 75 years and above in Spain. This is because the capacity of the old people to maintain a normal body temperature reduces because of dehydration during the excessive hot weather which also includes chronic illness and aging, prescribed medication and other social factors (Le et al., 2006). There has been an increased death during heat waves which are common among the elderly. Since the impact of heat waves on public health depends upon the level of exposure, it also affects the homeless people who are directly exposed to the heat. 14 homeless people died in Arizona due to their exposure to heat waves. A2. Reasons for older people and homeless people to get the priority in public heath Homeless people are among the heterogeneous group whose health promotion requirements are not sufficiently met. Promoting health among the homeless people should be done in an educative as well as a practical method by taking into account their requirements and providing housing to them. Because of their age, older people are more susceptible to harm due to heat waves and there are also other characteristics which enhances their vulnerability (Villamil et al., 2005). Older people are detrimental to physical impacts like dehydration and the symptoms become worse like respiratory illnesses as well as heart diseases because of the heat waves. Older people may not have the ability to get adapted to high temperatures if they are bed bound or are unable to care for themselves for illnesses like dementia and degenerative illness. Thus comparing with classmates it is evident that older and homeless people needs priority in public health. 3. A1. Understanding of the urban heat island effect As the temperatures is rising on average with the growth in the extreme heat days every year it is becoming essential for the cities to identify methods to cool (Canoui et al., 2006). As three quarters of the people in Australia dwell in urban, it is becoming a major health issue to combat urban heat island effect. A2. Strategy to reduce the urban heat island effect Cool Houston is a strategy designed by eight countries covering the region of Houston to cool the area to minimize the urban heat island effect that aims at transforming the surface (Canoui et al., 2006). It has 10 year goals and promotes cool paving, tress and roofing and quality of air, water and life. 4. A1. Cause of power failures occurring during a heatwave The cause of power failures occurring during a heatwave is related with the increase in the demand of electricity suddenly as more people start using air conditioning to avoid mortality resulting from the heatwave. In 2009 heatwave the disruption to electricity supplies was observed in Victoria (Kovats and Hajat , 2008). A2. Impact of power failure on public health The impact of power failure on public health is significant as it will be difficult for people to use air conditioning that can help them protect themselves from the heat wave (Kovats and Hajat , 2008). The lack of air conditioning was directly related with the poor urban elderly people impacted by hat stroke. A3. Minimizing the health impacts when the supply of electricity fails When the supply of electricity fails then the health impacts can be minimized by improving the ventilation in the house that can protect the people from heatwave. The rooms planned with proper windows can also recue the health impact (Matthies and Menne , 2009). 5. A1. Learning from studying the module The three point learnt are Heat wave has direct impact on the health condition of people. Heat waves are normally related with other hazards like power failures, fires, water supplies, air pollution and economic loss. Heat wave is a silent killer. A2. New information helping public health practitioner There is no debate that the new information will help public health practitioner as it explain the direct and indirect impact of heatwave and identify the short and long term measures that can be taken by health care provider to reduce the impact of heatwave on public health (Matthies and Menne , 2009). References Armstrong B. Models for the relationship between ambient temperature and daily mortality. Epidemiology. 2006 Nov 1;17(6):624-31. Canoui-Poitrine F, Cadot E, Spira A. Excess deaths during the August 2003 heat wave in Paris, France. Revue d'pidmiologie et de sant publique. 2006 Apr 30;54(2):127-35. Kovats RS, Hajat S. Heat stress and public health: a critical review. Annu. Rev. Public Health. 2008 Apr 21;29:41-55. Le Tertre A, Lefranc A, Eilstein D, Declercq C, Medina S, Blanchard M, Chardon B, Fabre P, Filleul L, Jusot JF, Pascal L. Impact of the 2003 heatwave on all-cause mortality in 9 French cities. Epidemiology. 2006 Jan 1;17(1):75-9. Matthies F, Menne B. Prevention and management of health hazards related to heatwaves. International Journal of Circumpolar Health. 2009 Feb 1;68(1). Villamil CI, Daz PJ, Villacian VG, Snchez LJ, Garca SF, Saborido FJ, Iglesias GM. [Health impact of 2003 heat wave at Hospital de Riveira (A Coruna)]. InAnales de medicina interna (Madrid, Spain: 1984) 2005 Jan (Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 15-20).

The First World War Ended the European Domination of the World Essay Example Essay Example

The First World War Ended the European Domination of the World Essay Example Paper The First World War Ended the European Domination of the World Essay Introduction The First World War in the beginning of the twentieth century is remembered as horrific and the savagery of mankind. It was the clash between the powers and the show off stage for their national pride. It was truly a struggle for dominance and delivered nothing but destruction and their downfall. The First World War surely ended the European domination of the world. It was a fair cycle of history that took away the baton of prolonged European imperialism to other rising regions such as Asia and America. It was surely the war that caused European downfall in economy, political unstableness, and change in their tension toward internal and external neighboring borders. The war was a controversial warfare in an immense scale that had no differentiation in both military combatants and civilians. This type warfare also known as the â€Å"total war† had brought European economies in demolition due to the over concentration on military spending. Politically, rise of republican governm ents along with new socialist ideas and the decline of monarchist system which was a strong centralized power contributed in the part of the shift in power. The First World War Ended the European Domination of the World Essay Body Paragraphs The war provided the foothold for newly industrialized states: the United States and Japan to join the race along with the European powers. Aftermath of the war gave opportunity to the worldwide independent movements especially in India and Arabian nations once firmly controlled by mighty British regime. Also, Chinese May 4th movement which was cultural and socio political reform proved the once European dominated regions were no longer in the hands of their influence. The war that crudely consumed colonies’ rights and possessions not only brought the resistance but heightened the nationalistic ideas within the colonized states. The process of European downfall in their dominance of the world originated within their inevitable competence. Vigorously outstretched European imperialism between the late 19th century and the First World War brought overwhelming power to the European states. Rivalry was impossible to be avoided which then divided Europe into major alliance systems i n attempts to balance each other’s power. This system in Europe created tension that changed their worldly interest into their close borders. Thus, the First World War was the event that ceased the European egocentric behavior followed by the shift of powers and their gradual falls in their dominance of the world. The First World War tremendously changed the balance of world powers. The war brought nothing but destruction to the entire European nations and inevitably brought economical downfall in Europe. This demolition gave rise to the other regional powers: the United States of America and Imperial Japan. During the war, each European power used the slogan of ‘total war† which was the mobilization of all their available resources, in order to render beyond use their rival’s capacity for resistance. The total war mostly occurred in the land of Europe and it was truly a severe damage to the European 19th century’s prosperity. The total war expenditu re by the European participators was listed as 190 billion dollars including the other indirect spending which was approximately 160 billion dollars. This was close to thirty percent of the European countries’ national wealth. Within the war period, accumulated European wealth that was built on through a long imperialism which maintained European dominance in the world was wastefully evaporated. Also, the post war wound was prevalent throughout the European continent. Industrialized German and French cities fell into ruins and Britain who was less damaged in their homeland also lost about 7,759,000 tons of merchant values throughout the war. Thoroughly, the European economies wrecked each other while passing their capital to an emerging America. By contrast, The United States whose exports were not even close to the half of British market in the late 19th century ascended greater than any other countries in the world. The First World War constructed America into a frontier of exporting weapons and provisions that promptly grasped the country into the position as the major power. Also, debenture bonds were enormously issued to European states by American government to heal the post war wounds. This event led American industries and agriculture into the most dominating structure in the world. From this economical gain, American government could construct powerful military organization that eventually influenced the Pacific, Asia and European regions. Similarly, Imperial Japanese exports were prevalent in the war where it blasted Japanese economy. The war founded the foothold for Japan to implement their imperialistic dreams in Asia. Backboned by these economical achievements, Japan was promptly able to develop its military systems. Whilst European powers turned its eyes to the continent of Europe, Japanese expansion in Asia was flourished. For example, Japanese military seized German settlements in Tsingtao China and German pacific colonies such as Marian a and Caroline in the year of 1914. Thus, another European power that dominated the region fell on the grip of a new emerging power in Asia. Thus, the First World War donated non-European powers such as America and Japan opportunities to emerge as the next influence of power. Moreover, political effect by the First World War was also as great as economical downfall in Europe. Imperialistic governments once dominated the world were fallen apart by the end of the war. Revolution in Russia caused Russian Empire to be torn down and replaced with a socialist styled government that killed millions of people in the process. Austro-Hungarian Empire, the representation of old Holy Roman Empire was no longer exists. Also, the maps of Eastern Europe and the Middle East were redrawn causing minorities to limit power of the pre-existed empires. When European Imperialism began to fall behind, the most popular type of government to gain influence was the republic. Before the war, Europe contained 19 monarchies and 3 republics, yet only a few years afterward, had 13 monarchies, 14 republics and 2 regencies. Evidently, revolution was in the air and people began to more ardently express their desires for a better way of life. Also, Socialism erupted as a major political force mainly through Russia. The introduction of Socialistic ideas which emphasized peace: â€Å"a strong desire to avoid conflicts and loss,† and â€Å"all workers united† began to implant the humanistic terms into the minds of Europeans which limit the idea of Imperialism throughout the world. Thus, the societies of European nations changed by their class systems altered the lower class consciousness to be evolved as well as forging a non-imperial identity. This political turmoil during the post war, Europe was mostly engaged in their domestic issues that paid lesser attention to rest of the world. While The First World War caused Europe to be engaged in their economical and political reorganizat ion, the European colonized states sought the opportunity to regain their oppressed identities. Additionally, The Fourteen Points that was delivered by the United States President Woodrow Wilson’s speech at a joint session of congress in 1918 greatly influenced the independence movement throughout the world. Basically, the speech emphasized n the â€Å"national self-reliance† which constructed a foundation that annihilated the 19th century styled European world order. Fall of Ottoman Empire once vastly controlled the Middle Eastern region introduced new nationalistic movements. New Turkish and Iranian nationalists ceased the prolonged Islamic activities and sought their national identity and pride that caused resistance to European influences. Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, the founder of Republic of Turkey resisted the European influence by beating back the British and French supported Greek invasion. In the case of India, British government anxiously persuaded the Indian sta tes to be part of the war in return for their independency. However, the promise was eventually declined by Britain that provoked Hindu nationalists and their provincial governments to be engaged in anti-British movement. Many Indian resistances were significantly prevalent throughout the region. â€Å"Salt March† organized by Gandhi was the important part of the Indian independence movements. It was a non-violent protest that triggered the wider â€Å"Civil Disobedience Movement. The movement encouraged Indian people for taking disobedience action toward the colonial rule. This event inspired many other nations and minorities who were under the oppressors. Also, sphere of influence by the European powers on China was no longer stayed as a presiding effect when the war ended. â€Å"May Fourth Movement,† often referred to as â€Å"New Cultural Movement† in China was anti-imperialist, cultural, and political movement that triggered Chinese nationalism. Similar to Indian independence movement, the movement was originated when the European powers did not vow to acknowledge the Chinese effort in the war. From this incident, Chinese were led to create a new strong nationalist party that resisted all of imperialistic terms that were forced by the European powers and Japan. Weakened European influence throughout the world due to the First World War caused political organization of once oppressed states. The war surely ended the sole of European domination of the world. The First World War brought changes in the order of the world. Prolonged European dominated world was surely a different place when the war ended. Over confidence from European economical, political, and military astonishments plunged Europe into rivalry states to each other that led them into a disaster. Also, total war wastefully used up almost half of the European national wealth that was accumulated during 19th century when European powers were at its climax of prosperity. Thes e expenses seriously damaged the European economy which meant declination of their power in the world and the rise to non-European states: the United States of America and Imperial Japan. These two countries profited enormously by exporting weapons and agricultural products during the war. On the other hand, harsh regulations implemented on colonies during the war, by the nature of total war, gave permanent reasons for nationalistic movements to occur throughout the world. It was independence movements that were against the idea of Imperial power in search for their identity. As well as the economic downfall, political instability along with the fall of European empires was another leading source of Europe’s losing its power. Emergence of Socialism and the creation of Republican states brought Europe into turmoil. All of these events took place by the end of the war that forced Europe to donate the baton of power to non-European emerging states: the United States of America a nd Imperial Japan. Thoroughly, the First World War affected European economy and its politics that surely closed the curtain on European domination of the world. We will write a custom essay sample on The First World War Ended the European Domination of the World Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The First World War Ended the European Domination of the World Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The First World War Ended the European Domination of the World Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

The Ben Franklin Essay Sample

The Ben Franklin Essay SampleThe Ben Franklin essay sample is a great one, but there are some things you should know about it before you begin to work with it. There are many ways to get your essay published, but there are a few rules that you will want to follow when you are creating your own.Your essay will go through many different phases throughout the entire process of publishing it. The first phase is editorial editing. This stage will involve editors reviewing and rewriting the essay for grammar and punctuation errors. These mistakes can take away from the essay's overall quality, so be sure to hire a professional editor to keep your essay in top shape.After the editors get through with the main parts of the writing, they will then begin revising and editing your thesis statement. Your thesis statement is the section of the essay that outlines the main points you want to make in your essay. It is important that you clearly define and demonstrate what the essay is trying to say and then make sure to cite supporting evidence and references in this part of the essay.The next phase of the writing process is the copy-editing phase. Here you will use the copy editing process to remove and replace factual errors or grammatical mistakes you have found throughout the entire writing process. You may also need to delete and replace several sentences to fit the tone of the essay. Once the copy editing process is completed, you will go back through the essay to proofread it for any further mistakes.Finally, you will need to submit your finished essay to an editor. Once the proofreading and revision processes are complete, the editor will review the final draft of the essay.While this process may seem tedious and time consuming, it is necessary for the essay to be edited and submitted to an editor. The reason that editors will edit your essay is to make sure that it is properly written and consistent. By following the above steps, you will ensure that your essay is co rrectly formatted and will be a great success.Before submitting your essay to an editor, there are a few things you should do first. The first step is to have a copy of your essay professionally proofread by a professional. Proofreading will not only ensure that the essay is correct, but it will also give you a better idea of how well the essay flows smoothly throughout the entire process.The Ben Franklin essay sample will tell you that the best way to create an effective essay is to follow a pattern of writing every day. The writer must be able to create a pattern for his or her piece. The structure of a good essay is crucial, and this is why you need to have a schedule that you follow every day so that you can get your work done.

Project Definition essays

Project Definition essays Located at the heart of Beulah Bog County and established in 1990, Exodus Twp. currently has a population of three hundred. The township is faced with the problem of enticing businesses and residents to their locale. Previous residents and businesses vacated their homes and store fronts due to high taxes and crime rates. Since the current Administration has been in office the crime rates have dropped to acceptable levels and the operating budget has been streamlined in addition to being balanced enabling the Trustees to reduce taxes. The Board of Trustees, Perkins, Hardy and Markham, want to reach prospective businesses and residents through the Internet, but do not have a web page for the township. With the absence of any Intra/Internet in place, the new Trustees cannot efficiently develop or support a web page. Once this web page is implemented, prospective residents and businesses can make contact with the Trustees and voice their concerns and opinions of current policies and prac tices. They will also have twenty-four hours access to their representatives and services. The objective of the township is to have this web page operational by the beginning of the next physical year, November 2002. The Township Trustees are setting aside $10,000 dollars for the development of the web page. Once the web page has been designed and implemented the townships Data-Processing Unit will be responsible for the maintenance. The township is faced with the risks of this project not being completed within set budget limits and time frame. They are also faced with the possibility that the web page will not draw the potential businesses and residents to their location. The purpose of the Exodus Township web-page is to attract people to the fine living available in their community. It should also attract businesses as well. ...

Swordfish Facts

Swordfish Facts Swordfish (Xiphias gladius) was made famous in the late 1990s by Sebastian Jungers book The Perfect Storm, which was about a swordfishing boat lost at sea. The book was later made into a movie. Swordfishing captain and author Linda Greenlaw also popularized swordfishing in her book The Hungry Ocean. Swordfish is a popular seafood that may be served as steaks and sashimi. Swordfish populations in U.S. waters are said to be rebounding after heavy management on a fishery that once overfished swordfish and also resulted in a large bycatch of  sea turtles. Swordfish Identification These large fish, which are also known as the broadbill or broadbill swordfish, have a distinctive pointed, sword-like upper jaw that is over 2 feet long. This sword, which has a flattened oval shape, is used to stab prey. Their genus  Xiphias comes from the Greek word xiphos, which means sword. Swordfish have a brownish-black back and light underside. They have a tall first dorsal fin and distinctly forked tail. They can grow to a maximum length of over 14 feet and weight of 1,400 pounds. Females are larger than males. While young swordfish have spines and small teeth, adults do not have scales nor teeth. They are among the fastest fish in the ocean and are capable of speeds of 60 mph when leaping. Classification Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataSubphylum: VertebrataSuperclass: GnathostomaSuperclass: PiscesClass: ActinopterygiiOrder: PerciformesFamily: XiphiidaeGenus: XiphiasSpecies: gladius Habitat and Distribution Swordfish are found in tropical and temperate waters in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans between the latitudes of 60 °N to 45 °S. These animals migrate to cooler waters in the summer, and to warmer waters in the winter. Swordfish may be seen at the surface and in deeper waters. They can swim in deep, cold parts of the ocean due to specialized tissue in their head that warms their brain. Feeding Swordfish feed primarily on small bony fish and cephalopods. They opportunistically feed throughout the water column, taking prey at the surface, in the middle of the water column and at the ocean bottom. They may use their sails to herd fish. Swordfish appear to swallow smaller prey whole, while larger prey is slashed with the sword. Reproduction Reproduction occurs by spawning, with males and females releasing sperm and eggs into the water near the ocean surface. A female may release millions of eggs, which are then fertilized in the water by a males sperm. The timing of spawning in swordfish depends upon where they live - it may either be year-round (in warmer waters) or during the summer (in cooler waters). The young are about .16 inch long when they hatch, and their upper jaw becomes more noticeably longer when the larvae are about .5 inch long. The young dont begin to develop the sailfishs characteristic elongated jaw until they are about 1/4 inch long. The dorsal fin in young swordfish stretches the length of the fishs body and eventually develops into a large first dorsal fin and a second smaller dorsal fin. Swordfish are estimated to reach maturity at 5 years and have a lifespan of about 15 years. Conservation Swordfish are caught by both commercial and recreational fishermen, and fisheries exist in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. They are a popular game fish and seafood, although mothers, pregnant women, and young children may want to limit consumption due to the potential for a high methylmercury content. Swordfish are listed as of least concern on the IUCN Red List, as many swordfish stocks (except for those in the Mediterranean Sea) are stable, rebuilding, and/or being adequately managed. Sources Arkive. Swordfish. Accessed July 31, 2012.Bailly, N. (2012). Xiphias gladius. In: Nicolas Bailly (2012). FishBase. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2012-07-31 on July 31, 2012.Collette, B., Acero, A., Amorim, A.F., Bizsel, K., Boustany, A., Canales Ramirez, C., Cardenas, G., Carpenter, K.E., de Oliveira Leite Jr., N., Di Natale, A., Die, D., Fox, W., Fredou, F.L., Graves, J., Guzman-Mora, A., Viera Hazin, F.H., Hinton, M., Juan Jorda, M., Minte Vera, C., Miyabe, N., Montano Cruz, R., Masuti, E., Nelson, R., Oxenford, H., Restrepo, V., Salas, E., Schaefer, K., Schratwieser, J., Serra, R., Sun, C., Teixeira Lessa, R.P., Pires Ferreira Travassos, P.E., Uozumi, Y. Yanez, E. 2011. Xiphias gladius. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.1. . Accessed July 31, 2012.FishBase. Xiphia gladius. Accessed July 31, 2012.Gardieff, Susie. Swordfish. FLMNH Icthyology Department. Accessed November 9, 2015.Gloucester Times. The Perfect Storm: The History of the Andrea Gail. Accessed July 31, 2012.

HealthWise Requirement Analysis Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

HealthWise Requirement Analysis - Case Study Example Ltd. to conducts a requirement analysis to establish the needs and requirements of the proposed Information System. Requirement analysis is basic software development activity. The purpose of this phase is to outline business needs based on user interviews, study of existing system of information conducted in the client environment and through other information gathering techniques. Requirement analysis provides the foundation for a solid application development. It is a technical document prepared and finalized by a requirement analyst, which provides user specific details of the proposed system to help software engineers in the development of actual application. It contains several functional and non-functional requirement, user analysis and details of required forms and reports that are deemed essential to fulfill operational needs of the organization and the implementation of the system in client’s environment. Grady (2006, p. 4) states the detail of this process in these words, â€Å"System requirement analysis is a structured or organized methodology for identifying an appropriate set of resources to satisfy a system need and the requirement for those resources that provide a sound basis for the design or selection of those resources.† 2. ... Secondly, the HealthWise is rapidly gaining customers’ confidence and the management can foresee a major expansion of the business network around the globe in the near future. This expansion will not only require a streamlined information system in place but it should also be able to accommodate a fair amount of information supposed to be generated with the business growth. Therefore, HealthWise new Information System (HWIS) is required to be design with this future expansion in mind and should be reasonably sizeable to support the functions of a medium sized enterprise. Keeping in view the problems with the current paper-based system a web-based management information system is proposed by the Technologies & Solutions Pvt. Ltd. The system will facilitate decision-making process through its predefined and custom queries and reports. The system will store all information related to distributor, customers, sales and payments in a database. The system will accept input in structu red web forms and will provide on the fly reports pertaining information about distributors, sales volume in dollars, distributor groups and relative performances etc. HWIS will store and present information on all six product lines in an efficient manner. Moreover, HWIS will also accept direct purchase orders from the customer and will provide support to HealthWise staff and distributors to log into the system remotely through Virtual Private Network (VPN) connections to access web-based system. HWIS will provide web-based access to its database on verification of authorized login credential in an efficient and timely manner. 3. Design Specifications The system will be designed to support all business processes

Civil and Criminal Punishments Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Civil and Criminal Punishments - Assignment Example The paper will also explain the differences between civil penalties and criminal punishments, explaining whether punishments between a case tried at criminal level and civil level should correlate. A civil court is one that deals with cases related to disputes between organizations or individuals. Civil courts award victims with compensation. Civil courts deal with civil or common wrongs that are not criminal in nature such as disputes relating to credit card payments, allegations of breach of contract, compensations disagreements between tenants and landlords (Scaros, 2004). According to Currier & Eimermann (2009), lawsuits are usually filed in civil courts by organizations or individuals who believe they have been physically and financially hurt by another organization or individual. The types of remedies available in civil courts depend on several factors such as the type of claims made, the authority of the court, the defendant’s conduct and the harm that has been suffered or may be suffered. The remedies in civil courts usually depend on the strengths of one’s case and the opponent’s case, one’s resourcefulness and ability to present facts and the ability of the attorneys of both sides to represent their clients as required (Scaros, 2004). The types of remedies available in civil courts include: This is normally the usual and standard remedy for damages in civil courts. They are the payments awarded by a civil court, paid as compensation for injury or loss (Currier & Eimermann, 2009). Money damages usually consist of nominal damages, attorney’s fees, interest, punitive damages and compensatory damages. They are usually intended to settle the grief of the aggrieved party in civil cases (Powell, 1993). These are usually given so as to stop certain conducts of the accused. The civil court orders or prohibits against conditions or acts that have been requested. The orders given are called injunctions and they require one to either do

Glutamate Transporter Excitatory Amino Acid Experiment

Glutamate Transporter Excitatory Amino Acid Experiment Abstract N-(2-18F-Fluoropropionyl)-L-glutamate(18F-FPGLU) is a potential amino acid tracer for tumor imaging with positron emission tomography (PET). In this study, the  relationship between glutamate transporter excitatory amino acid carrier 1 (EAAC1) expression and 18F-FPGLU uptake in rat C6 glioma cells line and human SPC-A-1 lung adenocarcinoma cells line was investigated. The uptake of 18F-FPGLU in C6 cells increased significantly after induced by ATRA for 24, 48, and 72 h, which was closely related to expression of EAAC1 in C6 cells (R=0.939). Compared with the SPC-A-1(NT) control cells, the uptake of 18F-FPGLU on EAAC1 knock-down SPC-A-1(shRNA) cells significantly decreased to 64.0%. In the PET imaging of 18F-FPGLU of SPC-A-1 and EAAC1 knock-down SPC-A-1(shRNA)-bearing mice models, the uptake of 18F-FPGLU in SPC-A-1(shRNA) xenografts was significantly lower than that in SPC-A-1 xenografts, with Tumor/Muscle ratio of 1.67  ± 0.1 vs. 3.01  ± 0.3 at 60 min post-injection. The result s suggest that transport mechanism of 18F-FPGLU in glioma C6 and lung adenocarcinoma SPC-A-1 cells lines mainly involves in glutamate transporter EAAC1, which is an important transporter of 18F-FPGLU in tumor cells and may be a novel hallmark of tumor glutamate metabolism PET imaging. Keywords: N-(2-18F-fluoropropionyl)-L-glutamate; tumor imaging; glutamate transporter; excitatory amino acid carrier 1 Introduction As the most commonly used positron emission tomography (PET) tracer for tumor diagnosis, 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (18F-FDG) also has certain false negative and false positive results(Shreve et al. 1999; Fletcher et al. 2008). It has been reported that 18F-FDG negative tumors may use a different metabolic pathway called glutaminolysis(DeBerardinis et al. 2007; Ward et al. 2012). Glutamine and glutamate play key roles in the adapted intermediary metabolism of tumors(Gao et al. 2009; Rajagopalan et al. 2011; Shanware et al. 2011). Several 18F-labeled glutamic acid and 18F-labeled glutamine have been used for metabolic PET imaging of tumor in humans (Baek et al. 2013; Venneti et al. 2015). High uptake of these amino acid tracers in tumor cells is likely related to the increased expression of amino acid transporters. For example, the upregulated system ASC, especially ASCT2 might contributed to the uptake of 18F-labeled (2S,4R)-4-fluoro-L-glutamine(Ploessl et al. 2012), and 18F-fluoro glutamic acid (BAY 85-8050) transport involved in Na+-dependent XAG- and Na+-independent XC- systems with XC- possibly playing a more dominant role, but both of them showed defluorination in vivo(Krasikova et al. 2011). 18F-labeled (4S)-4-(3-[18F]fluoropropyl)-L-glutamate (BAY 94-9392), another derivative of glutamic acid, whose transport was due mostly to upregulation of system XC-, a potential biomarker for tumor oxidative stressà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’can be useful for detecting system XC- activity in vivo and is considered to be a potential tracer for tumor imaging(Koglin et al. 2011). Our recently developed novel N-18F-labeled glutamic acid, N-(2-[18F] fluoropropionyl)-L-glutamate (18F-FPGLU), seemed to be a potential amino acid PET tracer for tumor metabolic imaging, with high tumor-to-background contrast in several tumor-bearing mice models. Preliminary studies showed that 18F-FPGLU was primarily transported through Na+-dependent high-affinity glutamate transporter system XAG-(Hu et al. 2014), but the accurate transport mechanism is unknown. Glutamate transport system includes Na+-dependent excitatory glutamate transporter XAG- system and Na+-independent glutamate transporter XC- system(Avila-Chà ¡vez et al. 1997). System XC- (xCT) is overexpressed on tumor c ells and is a potential biomarker for tumor oxidative stress. As an important member of XAG- system, excitatory amino acid carrier 1 (EAAC1), also called excitatory amino acid transporter 3 (EAAT3), localizes to the post-synaptic structure of neurons and surrounding glial cells as regulator of excitatory neurotransmission, and also exists in peripheral tissues, perhaps as metabolic regulators(Bailey et al. 2011). The expression of EAAC1 was known to be regulated by several mechanisms that modify carrier abundance on the plasma membranes and was markedly induced by all tans-retinoic acid (ATRA) in rat C6 glioma cells, which led to strikingly stimulate amino acid influx(Bianchi et al. 2008). However, EAAC1 transporter may be a potential biomarker for tumor molecular imaging. It has not been reported so far. This study investigated the relationship between EAAC1 expression and 18F-FPGLU uptake in C6 rat glioma cells line and SPC-A-1 human lung adenocarcinoma. The uptake of 18F-FPGLU was assessed in ATRA-treated and untreated C6 cells lines, and also in shRNA-mediated EAAC1 knock-down SPC-A-1 cells and the non-targeted (NT) control cells in vitro. Further prospective researches of PET imaging of tumor-bearing mice models with C6, SPC-A-1 and EAAC1 knock-down SPC-A-1(shRNA) xenografts were performed to reveal the correlation between the uptake of 18F-FPGLU and the expression of EAAC1. Materials and methods Materials All reagents, unless otherwise specified, were of analytical grade and commercially available. All chemicals obtained commercially were used without further purification. Inveon small-animal PET/computed tomography (CT) scanner was purchased from Siemens (Germany). Synthesis of 18F-FPGLU The synthesis of 18F-FPGLU from 4-nitrophenyl-2-18F-fluoropropionate (18F-NFP) via a two-step reaction sequence has been described in detail by the earlier paper(Hu et al. 2014). Cell Culture and Animal Models The C6 rat glioma cells, SPC-A-1 human lung adenocarcinoma cells were obtained from Shanghai Institute of Cellular Biology of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai, China). The cells were cultured in culture flasks containing DMEM medium(for C6 cells) or RPMI 1640 medium (for SPC-A-1) supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% penicillin/streptomycin at 37oC in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 and 95% air. 24 hours before the experiments in vitro, C6 cells lines or SPC-A-1 cell lines were trypsinized and 2105 cells per well were seeded into 24-well plates. All animal experimental studies were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Utilization Committee (IACUU) of the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University (approval No.[2013]A-173). All efforts were made to minimize animal suffering, to reduce the number of animals used, and to use alternatives to in vivo techniques, if available. The nude mice were obtained from Laboratory Animal Center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University (Guangzhou, China). The C6, SPC-A-1 and EAAC1 knock-down SPC-A-1(shRNA) tumor models were made using previously described methods(Deng et al. 2011). Tumor cells (2-5-106) were injected subcutaneously and allowed to grow for 1 to 3 weeks. When the tumor reached 6-10 mm (diameter) micro P ET/CT scans were done. C6 induced by ATRA The rat glioma C6 cells were treated by all trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) 12 h after the passage. Culture medium was substituted with fresh medium (containing DMEM medium supplemented with 10% FBS) in the absence or in the present of ATRA at a concentration of 10 ÃŽ ¼M from a 10 mM stock solution in DMSO according to the literature16. After the treatment of ATRA for 24, 48 and 72 h, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blotting were used to monitored the mRNA and protein expression levels of EAAC1 in ATRA treated C6 and non-treated C6 cells. Generation of shRNA-mediated EAAC1 knock-down cells. The method of generation of shRNA-mediated EAAC1 knock-down cells was similar to the literature(Youland et al. 2013). SPC-A-1 human lung adenocarcinoma cells was used for shRNA-mediated EAAC1 knock-down experiment. SPC-A-1 cells were transduced with lentivirus ecoding EAAC1-targeted short hairpin RNAs (shRNA). shRNA sequences were selected from human EAAC1 mRNA NM_004170 and the shRNA fragments were cloned in a lentivirus vector pGLV3 plasmid with the sequence 5-GCATTACCACAGGAGTCTTGG-3. A non-specific targeting (NT) shRNA for control was cloned in the same lenvirus plasmid backbone. Lentiviral packaging was performed with trans-lentiviral packaging mix in 293T cells according to the manufacturers instructions. SPC-A-1 cells were plated on 6-well plates at 2-105 cells per well. After 24 hours, medium was aspirated and replaced with 100 ÃŽ ¼L of virus-containing solution was added to each well and incubated at 37oC for 24 h. Cells were selected with puromycin and monitored for green fl uorescence protein (GFP) expression. The EAAC1 mRNA expression level was monitored by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The EAAC1 protein expression level was quantized by western blotting. qRT-PCR for the expression of EAAC1 Relative expression levels of EAAC1 mRNA in C6 and SPC-A-1 cells were calculated using the fluorescence quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) (Stratagene Mx3000P Real time PCR, Agilent). Total cellular RNA was isolated with the Rneasy mini Kit (TAKARA). 1 ÃŽ ¼g of RNA was synthesized to cDNA in a 20 ÃŽ ¼L reaction system with reverse transcriptase buffer, RT Enzyme Mix and primer MIX (Bestar qPCR RT kit, DBI). Conditions for reverse transcription were 5 min at 65oC, 5 min on ice, then 60 min at 37oC and 10 min at 98oC. Oligodeoxynucleotide primers of EAAC1 gene for PCR amplification was 5-AGTTCAGCAACACTGCCTGT-3 (forward) and (5-GTTGCACCAACGGGTA ACAC-3(reverse). PCR was programmed as follows: 2 min at 94oC, 20 s at 94oC, 20 s at 58oC à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’ then 20 s at 72oC à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’ for 40 cycles. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was used as a initial control and each sample was amplified in triplicate. The relative expression of EAAC1 mRNA compared with GAPDH was calculated by comparative threshold method (2 -ΔΔCt ). Western blotting for EAAC1 Cells were lysed in a detergent-containing buffer with protease inhibitors for 20 min at 4oC. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ( GAPDH) was used as a reference protein. After solubilization, cell lysates were collected and centrifuged at 14000 rpm for 10 min. The supernatants were transferred into new tubes, quantification of proteins was performed with Pierce BCA Protein Assay Kit (Thermo) and aliquots of 25 ÃŽ ¼g were loaded on an 10% gel for SDS-PAGE. After electrophoresis, proteins were transferred to polyvinylidene difluorideà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‹â€ PVDFà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °membranes (Millipore) . The membranes with EAAC1 or GAPDH were departed at the middle position, and were blocked and incubated with deferent antibody, respectively. Non-specific binding sites were blocked with an incubation in Tris-buffer saline containing 5% of bovine serum albumin (BSA) for 1h at room temperature. Then the blots were exposed to EAAT3 antibody (rabbit monoclonal antiserum, 1:1000, Abcam) or anti-GAPDH rabbit monoclonal antibody(1:3000, Abcam) diluted in blocking solution for at 4oC overnight. After washing, the blots were exposed for1h at room temperature to goat anti-rabbit IgG HRP diluted 1:5000 in blocking solution. Cellular uptake of 18F-FPGLU Cells were plated in 24-well plates (2x105cells/well) and uptake studies were performed at 24 h after the passage. The cellular uptake of 18F-FPGLU studies was similar to the methods described previously(Krasikova et al. 2013). The medium was aspirated and the cells were washed 3 times with 1 mL warm PBS. 18F-FPGLU was dissolved in PBS solution and was added to each well (74-111 KBq/0.2 mL/well). After incubated with 18F-FPGLU at 37oC for 30 min, the radioactive medium was removed and the cells were washed 3 times with ice-cold PBS. Then, the cells were dissolved in 0.5 mL of 1 N NaOH and the activity was measured by ÃŽ ³ counter (GC-1200, USTC Chuangxin Co. Ltd. Zonkia Branch, China). The cell lysate (25ÃŽ ¼L) was used for determination of protein concentration by BCA protein assay. The uptake data are based on the amount of activity added to each well and the total amount of protein in each well. Each experiment was done in triplicate, averaged and was repeated 5 times on different days. The uptake of 18F-FPGLU was assessed on the ATRA-treated or untreated C6 cells, and on EAAC1 knock-down SPC-A-1(shRNA) cells or SPC-A-1(NT) control cells. The relative uptake ratios were calculated compared to the control cells. Small-animal PET-CT imaging Small-animal PET-CT imaging studies with tumor-bearing mice were carried out using the Inveon small-animal PET/CT scanner (Siemens). 3.7-7.4 MBq of 18F-FPGLU were injected intravenously in conscious animals via the tail vein. The mice were anesthetized with 5% chloral hydrate solution (6 mL/kg) and were kept warm throughout the procedure. Imaging started with a low-dose CT scan, immediately followed by a PET scan. PET images were acquired at 30, 60, 90, 120 min post-injection. For a comparative study, mice were kept fasting for 4 h and were anesthetized with 5% chloral hydrate solution (6 mL/kg) and imaged with 18F-FDG (3.7 MBq) at 60 min after intravenous injection. The images were reconstructed by two-dimensional ordered-subsets expectation maximum (OSEM). For each small-animal PET scan, ROIs were drawn over the tumor and muscle of the thigh on decay-corrected whole-body coronal images using Inevon Research Workplace 4.1 software. The quantification was performed according the meth ods described previously(Hu et al. 2014). Radioactivity concentration within a tumor or other tissue was converted to MBq/g and then divided by the administered activity to obtain an imaging ROI-derived percentage of injected dose per gram of tissue (% ID/g). Then, the ttumor/muscle (T/M) and tumor/brain (T/B) uptake ratios were calculated, respectively. Immunohistochemistry Expression of EAAC1 was assessed by immunohistochemistry on formalin-fixed paraffin embedded rat brain tissues and C6 xenograft samples. Immunohistochemistry experiments were carried out according to the literature(Wang et al. 2013). Normal rat brain tissues and C6 glioma tissues were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin overnight at room temperature. Tissues were then dehydrated, embedded in paraffin, and cut into 3-ÃŽ ¼m sections. After antigen retrieval, tissue sections were subject to immunohistochemical incubated with antibodies against EAAC1(Abcam), DAB was stained before mounted onto microscope slides. Tissues were analyzed with a Nikon E800M microscope. Statistical analyses Data were expressed as mean+/-SD. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS software, version 16.0 (SPSS Inc.), for Windows (Microsoft). Student t test was used to assess differences in the magnitudes of samples from two measurements. A P values of less than 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significant. A scatter plot was drawn with the relative mRNA expression and the relative uptake of 18F-FPGLU in C6 cells treated with ATRA for 24h, 48h, 72h. Spearman correlation analysis and a linear regression analysis was performed between them. Results EAAC1 expression and 18F-FPGLU uptake in C6 cells induced by ATRA The EAAC1 mRNA relative expression levels in ATRA-treated C6 cells assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) are shown by Figure 1A. Compared with the untreated C6 cells, the EAAC1 mRNA relative expression level in ATRA-treated C6 cells treated with ATRA at 10 ÃŽ ¼M for 24, 48 and 72 h was increased to 1.72  ± 0.11à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’3.22  ± 0.22à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’4.0  ± 0.21 times, respectively( Fig. 1A). Meanwhile, the western blotting results also showed that EAAC1 protein expression in ATRA-treated C6 cells was increased gradually(Fig. 1B). Corresponding with the high EAAC1 expression in ATRA-treated C6 cells, 18F-FPGLU uptake was significantly increased to 1.47  ± 0.11à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’2.14  ± 0.29à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’2.12  ± 0.16 times in C6 cells treated by ATRA for 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively(Fig. 1C). There was a high correlation between the relative EAAC1 mRNA expresion and the relative 18F-FPGLU uptake in ATRA treated C6 cells (R = 0.939, Fig. 1D). To summ arize, EAAC1 expression was markedly induced by ATRA in C6 cell lines. As a result, there was more 18F-FPGLU uptake in ATRA-treated C6 cells line which has more EAAC1 expression at both mRNA and protein levels. Figure 1 PET imaging on C6 glioma-bearing mice Small-animal PET-CT scan was performed on C6 glioma-bearing nude mice models 1h post-injection of 18F-FPGLU. PET-CT fusion imaging of the mice models demonstrated that 18F-FPGLU could intensely accumulate in C6 glioma (Fig. 2A). The tumor/brain uptake ratio of 18F-FPGLU on C6 glioma-bearing mice was higher than that of 18F-FDG at 1h post-injection of radiotracers(n = 3, P < 0.05, Fig. 2B). However, the tumor/muscle uptake ratio of 18F-FPGLU in C6 glioma-bearing mice was lower than that of 18F-FDG (n = 3, P < 0.05). Immunohistochemistry showed that widely diffuse EAAC1 transporter staining was shown in C6 glioma, however there was minimal EAAC1 staining in normal rat brain write matter tissue (Fig. 2C). Figure 2 EAAC1 expression and 18F-FPGLU uptake in EAAC1 knock-down SPC-A-1 human lung adenocarcinoma cells The influence of EAAC1 expression on 18F-FPGLU uptake was specifically investigated using RNA interference-mediated EAAC1 knock-down SPC-A-1 human lung adenocarcinoma cells. Lentivirally delivered shRNA significantly reduced EAAC1 mRNA expression in SPC-A-1(shRNA) cells, as compared to the non-targeted (NT) shRNA control cells (SPC-A-1(NT) cells), EAAC1 shRNA reduced EAAC1 mRNA expression by 72% in SPC-A-1(shRNA) cells (P < 0.01) (Fig. 3A). At the protein expression level, EAAC1 shRNA significantly decreased EAAC1 expression in SPC-A-1(shRNA) cells by 59.6% (P < 0.01) (Fig. 3B). Knock-down of EAAC1 expression was associated with a significantly lower 18F-FPGLU uptake by 36% in SPC-A-1(shRNA) cells (P